5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.
要点 破折号后面的部分是用来解释句子主句的,在结构上是部分倒装句,属"（从句)the＋比较级...,（主句) the ＋比较级"句型,这样的句子一般主谓不倒装。翻译时可用正装。universalize:使普遍化；使通用化。
译文 随着国际互联网越来越商业化,普及上网会对商家有利, 因为上网的人越多,潜在的顾客数量就越多。
6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
要点 only是加强语气的词语,位于句首时,主谓语要倒装。这样的句子一般可按原文顺序翻译。has it been ...是主句,正装应是it has been...。
译文 只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。
7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.
要点 这是一个主从复合句,主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style。在让步状语从句中,作为表语的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首,构成部分倒装。形容词＋as从句在意思上等于although...,一般翻译成"虽然…"。注意这个形容词不能放在动词后面,否则整个句子意思不同。
译文 虽然过去红色不受欢迎,眼下红色染发剂却备受青睐。
8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.
要点 这是一个完全倒装句,主语是seeing his daughter...divorce。翻译时可正装。
译文 他只是觉得离婚后每周只能看女儿两次让他感到孤独。
9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.
要点 该句的原结构是this one was so perilous that...,因为把 so perilous 放在句首,所以句子要主谓倒装。翻译时可正装。
译文 做现场惟一的保安官员,这差使还真有点危险。
10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade - a desk, two telephones, one scrambled（改变频率使不被窃听) for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
要点 这是一个并列句,由and连接。第一个分句中破折号前面是一个完全倒装句,主语是 the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade。破折号后面的部分是用来解释trade。One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls。第二个分句也是一个完全倒装句,只是在 to one side后面省去了动词stood。该句可按原文语序翻译,第二个分句中省去的动词应翻译出来。
译文 展现在我面前的是情报官员这一行的基本用具--一张写字台、两部电话,其中一部是变频加密外线电话,在我旁边是一个大型的绿色金属保险柜,其正面有一把特大号复合密码锁。
第三章 分割结构
分割结构是一种修辞手段,在英语句子中,特别是在书面语中,比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 不难看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一个整体,被用作状语的过去分词remembered and cherished分割开。常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目,读起来更通顺流畅。分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性,但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。对于分割结构,只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误,英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。
如： An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物--一本关于伦理道德的书。(present 和a book被分隔)
再如： After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,这样的认识加强了,即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律,这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling和 that从句被分隔)
此外,还有定语（或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔,某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔,动词与其宾语被分隔,介词与其宾语被分隔等。总之,英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则（应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡匀称,以避免主语部分太长,谓语部分太短)和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息,即语义重点放在句子末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。
1. Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一层： Such a viewpoint, 主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries, is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 状 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位语从句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二层： (同位语从句) that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 强调主语 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 谓 the survival 宾 of mankind. 定
要点 本句主干为"Such a viewpoint... is reinforced by the widely-held belief"；形容词短语"particularly prominent in the developing countries",作为插入语修饰"viewpoint",将主语和谓语分隔开来;介词短语"by the widely-held belief"是被动语态"reinforced"的行为主体；"that it is...mankind"是"belief"的同位语从句,这里还含有一个强调句式,即"it is not the peaceful application...that is endangering..."。
译文 这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强,即并非和平利用核能正危害着人类的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, for, as the rhyme goes, "Change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第一层： No girl 主 should marry 谓 a man 宾 whose last name has the same initial as hers , 定语从句 for, as the rhyme goes, "Change 状语从句 the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better."
第二层： (定语从句) whose 引 last name 主 has 谓 the same initial 宾 as hers 定
(状语从句) for, 引 as the rhyme goes, 状 "Change 谓 the name 宾 but 连 not the letter, 宾 marry 谓 for worse instead of better." 状
要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词,引导状语从句。as the rhyme goes是插入语,插在for和它引导的从句之间,造成for和它引导的从句的分离,翻译时,可译成一个主谓结构。
译文 姑娘不该嫁给与自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因为正如一首童谣所说：改姓不改首字母,婚后必将受其苦。
3. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要点 否定词nor放在句首时,主谓倒装。is放到了主语management前。同时,if引导的条件状语从句置于nor与句子的其他成分之间,造成了句子的割裂状态。条件状语从句中as desirable... as the writing...可视为同级比较结构。句中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词thinkers,可采用合译的方法翻译。be blamed for为固定短语,意为"因…而受指责"。in favor of ...在句中做状语。
译文 假如像学术论文反映的那样,科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者们歧视研究者中的"怪杰",而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人,这也是无可指责的。
4. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要点 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will...引导的方式状语从句放到了主句的谓语动词discovered与that引导的宾语从句之间,从而造成动宾之间的分割。as引导的从句中省略了谓语动词discover,是为了避免重复。宾语从句中主语为"abandoning...and making..."并列的动名词短语；谓语为"bring sth with sth"结构,只是因宾语过长,而把with短语提前了。
译文 我发觉,放弃那种"日夜操劳的生活"信念而选择"放慢生活的节奏"会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后,从惹人注目的《女性》杂志编辑部退出之后,恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。
5. Such an outcome, if it happens, could cause a political controversy; or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances, namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要点 这是个复合句。条件从句因为太短,置于主句的主谓之间,造成句子割裂,翻译时应将从句提到句首。namely when the...unpopular是一个状语从句,用来解释the worst possible circumstances。the EU: the European Union,欧盟。
译文 这种结果一旦产生,就可能引起政治上的争吵；在最糟糕的情况下,即在欧盟很不得人心的时候,也可能使更多的权利落到欧盟手中。
6. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要点 句子的主干结构是That fact... is likely to mean that...。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是"with +复合结构"形式,表示伴随状态。短语let alone...not joined置于主谓之间,造成句子割裂,翻译时应将其还原,放在最后。分词短语led by Britain和定语从句that have not joined都修饰the four。euro:欧元。multi-:前缀,表示"多…的",如mutilateral,多边的：multiple,多个的。
译文 这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体,其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同,而另一些则不尽然；更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要点 该句的主干结构是This trend began during the Second World War, when...。when引导定语从句,修饰the Second World War。that the specific...detail是conclusion的同位语从句,在该从句中,主语是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定语从句。该定语从句放在其先行词 demands和 of介词短语之间,造成句子的割裂。翻译时,可把被割裂的部分还原。
译文 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要点 整个of短语作observations的定语,相当于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made。因为定语太长,所以将其置于动词之后,以避免句子头重脚轻。这样就造成了句子的割裂,翻译时应将被割裂的部分还原。preschool:学前的。
译文 人们对孩子们在学前班和小学一年级开始时和结束时的情况都曾进行过观察。
9. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要点 这是一个简单句。Whether to...situation是本句的主语,depends是谓语动词,两个"upon"后面是宾语。availability在句中是指"测试和信息容易得到或找到"。therefore是副词,插在depends 和upon...之间,造成它们在结构上的割裂。翻译时,可把therefore提到句首。
译文 因此,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是在某一特定情况下两者并用,须凭从有关相对效度的经验中得出的证据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要点 该句的主干结构是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all"...into a woman...。preached by...magazine是过去分词短语,作the philosophy of "having it all"的定语,插在from...into之中,造成了句子的割裂。翻译时,可把分词短语译成一个分句,其他照原文顺序翻译。
译文 我从一个"全力以赴"的生活哲学--在过去七年里林达·凯尔西一直在《女性》杂志鼓吹这种生活方式--的积极倡导者,一改而成为随遇而安的女人。
第四章 省略
英国大文豪莎士比亚在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里写过这么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.(言以简洁为贵。)写文章也好,说话也好,都要求生动活泼,简单明了,因此,"简洁"乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。
文章要做到简洁,省略法(Ellipsis)是必用的。
英语句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明确的信息而不必出现,或前面已出现的某些成分,为了避免不必要的重复,可以不再出现而不致引起误解或歧义,这种语言现象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 这是个简单句,主语I和谓语am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes, and Paris on the Seine. 这是一个并列复合句,后半句省略了谓语动词is,因为前面已经出现过,后面不必重复。英译汉时,为了使译文明确达意,符合汉语习惯,要在正确理解原文的基础上,对原文中省略的部分或保留或补全,或对其进行灵活处理。
有人将英语句子中的省略现象归纳为21种,本章只涉及在英语阅读中常遇到的比较复杂的省略现象。
1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第一层： The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定 editing, 宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句
sounds such as write and right, it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.
第二层： (状语从句) as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right , 状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2
第三层： (状语从句1) even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语
(状语从句2) as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主
要点 本句中as引导原因状语从句,其中该句还带有一个由"even if"引导的让步状语从句；介词短语"between words of similar sounds"修饰"difference","such as write and right"修饰"words","as well as..."为同等比较状语从句,其中省略了与主句相同的部分。intelligent:有才智的；理解力强的。
译文 译稿需要一定量的编辑工作,因为,即使计算机能够区别同音异义词,如 write和right,它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。
2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle, how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space?
第一层： If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 状语从句 gth of the needle , how often 状 can 谓 it 主 be expected 谓 to fall on a line 宾 and 连 how often 状 into a blank space? 状
第二层： (状语从句) If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 状 on a sheet of paper 状 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定语从句
第三层： (定语从句) whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 状 equal 表 to the length of the needle 宾
要点 这是复合句。在if引导的状语从句中,ruled with lines 是过去分词,作paper 的定语,whose...needle 是 lines 的定语从句,whose distance apart 的意思是"它们之间的间隔"。主句中and 后面是个省略句,省去了 can it be expected to fall。翻译时可将英文的被动语态译成汉语的主动语态。length:长度。rule paper with lines:在纸上划平行线。
译文 如果把一根针随机地投到一张纸上,纸上画了许多平行线,它们之间的间隔等于针的长度,那么针落在线上的几率是多少？落在空白处的几率又是多少？
3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind, is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing, and if he is fortunate and keeps alive, he will be forever in love.
要点 本句是由and连接在一起的并列句。前一个分句的主干是All...is...to tell the story... - to sing. all后面有两个that引导的定语从句,第一个that从句修饰all,第二个that指代其前的that从句,翻译时可表条件。to sing放在破折号之后,用以加强语气,其后可视为省略了宾语the story of his love, to tell和to sing是并列关系。
译文 一个人应该说的或做的,只要关系到人类,那么都是以这样或那样的形式来讲述乃至讴歌自己的爱的故事；而且,如果他是幸运的、有活力的,他将永远是充满爱的。
4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
要点 本句位并列句,前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句, 状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构their ...,their..., their... 在and后的分句中, the confidence 省略了 "is cut off", it指的是信息被切断的情况。
译文 随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离,非正式的信息渠道被切断了,而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了。
5. And by the help of further reasoning, which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism, you arrive at your final determination, I will not have that apple.
要点 这是复合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination。by the help of ... 是介词短语作状语,which引导的定语从句修饰reasoning。if drawn out 是省略句,用作表示条件的状语从句,完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out。翻译时采用顺序法,定语从句采用分句法。syllogism:三段论；演绎推理。
译文 借助于进一步的推理,这种推理如果加以引申,还可表现为其他两三种演绎推理,你便会做出最终决定："我不吃那个苹果了。"
6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person, even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see, as on the telephone.
要点 这是复合句。主句中 it是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person。在状语从句中as是连词,意思是"正如…一样",as 后面省去了we have conversations。翻译时采用逆序法,把even though引导的让步状语从句放到句首。unnerving:使人不知所措；使人失去自信。
译文 即使我们适应了像打电话一样在互相看不见的情况下谈话,这种看不见或接触不到对方的谈话也会使人感到很不自在。
7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun.
要点 这是复合句。in which引导定语从句,修饰astronomical body。介词except引起的短语作状语。在介词短语like our own后面省略了planet。revolving为现在分词短语作定语,修饰our own planet。翻译时根据汉语习惯,将状语提前译出。
译文 事实上,除了像地球这样围绕太阳旋转的行星以外,我们不知道是否在其他类型的天体上也有适合生命存在的条件。
8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers.
要点 这是主从复合句。其主句的谓语动词是had less to do with... than...,意为"主要与…有关,而不是与…有关",因为句子结构比较清晰,省略了句子的并列部分,如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and (with) an increase in leisure time省略了with；在...than it did with their own economic necessity and ( it did ) with high marriage rates省略了it did。句中that引导的定语从句修饰high marriage rates。翻译时采用融合法,把重要的部分放在句首。
译文 20世纪已婚女性走出家门参加工作人数的增加主要是因为她们自己的经济需要,还与高结婚率使可参加工作的单身女工人数减少有关,而与家务机械化、妇女空闲时间增多关系不大。
9. The European Union is an imperfect creature, with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones.
要点 这是简单句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是独立主格结构,作状语。因为与前一部分结构相同,句子后一部分省略了（with)some （of its actions based)on poor ones括号中的词。翻译时采用顺序法,对省略部分也要进行相应省略,以使句子表达简洁。
译文 欧盟是不完善的机构,它的一些举措是基于正确的政治经济原则之上的,而另一些却远非如此。
10. To Americans, being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
要点 这是复合句,that引导宾语从句,其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作宾语从句中的并列表语(其前省略了is)。翻译时采用顺序法。
译文 对美国人而言,依靠自己的力量就是指这个人作为整体的一部分是完全独立并能起作用的,他有能力也愿意做出选择。
