Sample 4
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
［A］ What to do as a student?
［B］ Various definitions of plagiarism
［C］ Ideas should always be sourced
［D］ Ignorance can be forgiven
［E］ Plagiarism is equivalent to theft
［F］ The consequences of plagiarism
Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appreciation or purloining, and publication as one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”
41
The penalities for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.
42
Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ idears and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.
43
Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.
44
Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation - note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography - are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them.”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.
45
The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and languages of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.
The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.
分析：
该题型也是由一篇文章组成，文章也分割成7个部分，但只有5个题，同时给出6个选项。开头和结尾部分仍然是提供必要的信息，文章中的5个段落都可以表达一个完整的意思，相互间也没有什么太大联系。该题型与题型3所考的技巧很相似，比较而言要容易些，考生只要对5个段落认真地阅读，不难会发现答案，同样先选择自己有把握的题项。大纲所提供的材料是关于剽窃的问题，这5个问题相对比较容易，在此不作具体分析了。
正确答案为：FADCE
以上我们简单分析了对新大纲新题型的解题方法，而对于比较常规的阅读题，我们则可以采用以下办法：
绝招1.妙指回春法
题型特点：
这种题的题干往往是不完整的句子，而选项往往是短语形式，根据题干的关键词在文中总能找到一个代词，则这种题用妙指回春法来解题。
解题思路：
这种题往往是根据题干的核心词在文中找到相应的含有代词句子，然后往前读一句话，看哪一个选项跟前面一句话的语义相近，则这个选项就是答案。
1.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics. (1996, Passage 4，54题)
2. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers . (1997, Passage 2，57题)
3.In the view of Net purists,.(1999,Passage 2，57题)
4. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .(2002，Text4，60题)
绝招2.是非颠倒理解法
题型特点：
文中往往用假设的方式出现，而选项往往用断言的形式出现，正确答案的选项所表达的意思是文中假设条件句后面主句语义的反面，且多以否定形式出现。
解题思路：
正话反说指文中用肯定的假设方式表述，而正确答案选项用否定形式。也就是说，当一个题针对文中的部分用假设的形式表述出来，而在题干中没有了假设的条件而只给出结果，则选项应该是不确定的、拿不准的选项。
5. The author asserts that scientists.(1999年68题)
6. The author implies that the results of scientific research.(1999年70题)
7 .The selection of medical professionals are currently based on.(1995年65题)
绝招3.近义替换法
题型特点：
近义替换方法每年在考研真题中都能用上，并且这个类型的考题每年都有至少1-2个，近年来这种考题已经从原来的单个短语的近义替换考查发展到较复杂结构的短语语义替换考查。
解题思路：
对这种题，考生要紧紧抓住题干的关键词或关键短语，找到文中这些词或短语出现的地方，从而考查哪一个选项是文中相应的句子的近义短语。如果有近义短语，则这个近义替换的选项就是答案。
8.According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life careis .(2002年58题)
9.The direct reason for specializationis.(2001年54题)
10.We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.(1999年55题)
11 . According to the author, basic computer skillsshould be.(1999年62题)
12.Futurists claim that we must.(2000年61题)
绝招4.首段主题句破题法
首句破题法：
题型特点：
一个文章后面的第一个题是细节题，则往往是考查考生对首段首句的理解。哪一个选项跟首句的语义一致,则这个选项就是答案。
解题思路：
当发现首句结构比较复杂，或者首句比较简练而含有难以理解的词汇，则这个题的答案一定在首段首句，考生应该把重点放在首段首句的理解上，而不要急于读其他部分的句子。
13. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, .(1997, Passage 2，55题)
14. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroomis. (1999, Passage 3，59题)
15.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regardedif.(2000,Passage 5，67题)
16.What is the typical trend of businesses today? (2001,Passage 4, 63题)
17.Human ingenuity was initiallydemonstrated in.(2002，Text 2，46题)
首段末句破题法
题型特点：
一个阅读材料后面的第一个题是细节题，且题干中的核心词在首段首句中没有被置于重要的位置或者没有出现，或者四个选项所表达的意思在首句中没有明确的近义表达出现，首段首句则不是这个段落的主题句，则这种题的答案应在首段末句出现，首段末句是这个段落的主题句。
解题思路：
当发现阅读材料后面的第一个题是细节题，且题干中的核心词在首句中没有出现或不在重要位置，则应迅速读末句以确定答案。
