I Cloze: 20 points
Unions are organizations of workers that bargain with employers for economic and job benefits. They exist to create 1 and economic power against private management and the 2 to achieve their goals. These goals are primarily higher 3 , better working conditions, and job security. 4 organized to achieve these goals are usually complex in their social and psychological detail。
Union movements occurred in the 5 half of the 1700s in the U.S. Carpenters, printers, and shoemakers formed organizations as early as 1791 in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. These 6 in most cases over social and economic 7 between workers and employers when rapid 8 in a young development country began to break down the familiar modes of 9 and the close ties between workers and employers。
A long, hard drive for legalization of union 10 Unions fought with companies and 11 courts for legitimacy and status. Unions were 12 as a threat to free enterprise and private property, and 13 to political and economic stability. They were also considered radical, and companies resisted them 14 . Violent conducts were frequent on both sides. The government at times moved in state police to suppress the more 15 conflicts. Union workers themselves often punished other workers who did not back their policies。
Unions in the U.S. have always 16 a practical direction. They have not adopted radical ideologies or 17 goals. A major force in union organizing in the early part of the century, Samuel Gompers, took a practical approach. He 18 “bread and butter unionism” or “pure and simple unionism。” He was interested in immediate, practical gains—higher wages and shorter 19 . He sided with no political party, only 20 politicians who could help。
1. A. political B. principal C. crucial D. communal
2. A. department B. government C. section D. compartment
3. A. position B. rank C. wages D. benefits
4. A. Arrangements B. Adjustments C. Dynamics D. Movements
5. A. latter B. former C. early D. later
6. A. arouse B. arose C. arised D. aroused
7. A. contradiction B. dispute C. conflict D. debate
8. A. improvements B. rhythm C. pace D. alterations
9. A. production B. living C. communication D. commerce
10. A. pursued B. followed C. gathered D. launched
11. A. idealistic B. supportive C. unsympathetic D. advisable
12. A. depicted B. defined C. determined D. referred to
13. A. therefore B. moreover C. nevertheless D. nonetheless
14. A. energetically B. vigorously C. spontaneously D. promptly
15. A. brutal B. urgent C. fierce D. emergent
16. A. stood by B. strove for C. sought after D. stuck to
17. A .unrealistic B. practical C. unreasonable D. practicable
18. A. opposed B. advocated C. rejected D. approved
19. A. times B. hours C. whiles D. periods
20. A. against B. to C. for D. with
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A
6. B 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. C
16. D 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. D
