北京新航道学校 李传伟
在“考研阅读的最高境界——（一)五层递进学习法”等文章中我说明了应该如何把握阅读文章与试题：
1． 把握中心思想层
2． 概括段落大意层
3． 深入剖析文章层
4． 摘录背诵佳句层
5． 换位思考命题层
现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。
Passage 5
Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.
The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
17. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?
［A］ A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.
［B］ A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.
［C］ A person who has had no education.
［D］ An individual who often comes up with new ideals by accident.
18. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?
［A］ The variety of ideas they have.
［B］ The intelligence they possess.
［C］ The way they deal with problems.
［D］ The way they present their findings.医学全在线网站www.med126.com
19. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .
［A］ Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity
［B］ the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things
［C］ the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view
［D］ the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented
20. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are .
［A］ diligent in pursuing their goals
［B］ reluctant to follow common ways of doing things
［C］ devoted to the progress of science
［D］ concerned about the advance of society
文章结构与内容
文章结构：花开两朵型。本文谈论的两个方面是创新者（innovators)和非创新者（noninnovators)，作者主要讨论创新者的特点。文章开始指出不知情者以为发明创造是灵感或戏剧性的产物，作者指出这是一个误解，因为发明创造很艰辛，只有那些具有创造力、不断探索做事新方法的人才能成为创新者。阅读时注意文中关于创新这一概念的不同表达法。
核心词汇
1. in blinding flashes 以灵感的形式（blinding耀眼的，使人失明的；flash 闪光)
2. dramatic 戏剧性的，显著的（名词drama戏剧)
3. penicillin 青霉素
4. there and then 在当时当地，当场，立即（=then and there)
5. antibacterial 抗菌的（同根词antiwar反战的---anti反，抗)
6. come out of 来源于，来自（=come from)
7. laborious 艰苦的，努力的（名词labor 劳动，工作)
8. trial and error反复试验；试错法（即通过反复试验以避免错误、找到正确思路的方法)
9. block 阻挡，封锁
10. score 得（分)
11. take …shots at the goal 射门…次
12. so it goes with… …也一样
13. innovation 创新，革新
14. innovator 创新者（同根词innovative 创新的---nov新)
15. work on 努力干，致力于
16. follow through 坚持到底，坚持到完成
17. practicable 可行的（名词practicability)
18. abstraction 空想，幻想的事物；抽象（动词abstract 抽取，提取；a. 抽象的； n. 摘要 )
19. authority 权威，权力
20. account for 解释（原因等)；占（比例、数量等)
21. seemingly 似乎，表面上
22. proposition 主张；命题 （同根词opposition---pos放置)
23. set out 开始，出发
