方法?
从内容上说,这一部分包括的内容应当有以下几个方面(叙述时,不一定按以下顺序):
① 研究对象? 是病人?健康人?还是动物?哪一种动物?研究对象的一般情况,如年龄、性别、诊断或特别群体、特别种属,以及研究的地点等。研究组和对照组的对象均应说明。
② 方法? 这里实际上包括研究的设计(说明是哪一类,如随机分组、双
盲、对照、多中心等)、所用的主要治疗、干预或处理方法或技术名称(如治疗方法名称或药名、剂量、给药途径以及疗程;实验室检查的方法名称,如PCR、RT-PCR、HPLC、流式细胞仪等等,但一般不主张用缩略语)、主要终点指标(primary or main endpoint measure, 如死亡率、病死率、生存率、生存时间等等)。
这里经常出现问题的是年龄的表示法。如果用单独一句话表示年龄,一般不会错。如The mean age of the patients was 58 years (48-67 years). The patients' age ranged from 58 to 67 years (mean 58 years). The patients were in average 58 years old. 但如果不是用单独一句话表示年龄,而说明年龄的词语只是一句话里的一部分时,常常出现问题。如:
The patients aged 5.5-14 years old were divided into 2 groups.? aged和old有一个即可,不应同时出现。可改为:
The patients aged 5.5-14 years were divided into 2 groups.或
The patients,5.5-14 years old,were divided into 2 groups.或
The patients 5.5-14 years of age were divided into 2 groups.又如:
The patients of mean age 58 years old in the treatment group received interferon alpha injection,也不妥,可改为:
The patients in the treatment group, mean age 58 years, received interferon alpha injection.
7-day postnatal male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study. 可改为:Seven-day old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=51) were used for study.方法部分的时态也要用一般过去时。
结果 ?
一般论文摘要中占篇幅较大的是这一部分。在这一段里介绍最主要的研究结果。时态用一般过去时。一般不主张用图表,可以介绍一些关键的数字。在摘要的结果部分描述结果时,应当避免的一些情况:
The results of our study showed that …
It was shown that …
The present study showed that …? 等等。
因为前面有个小标题Results,所以可以直接开始描述结果。
描述结果时最常遇到的问题是比较的句子。在组织句子时,应力求简练,避免重复、罗列太多的数字或罗嗦。
The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher than that of group 2 and 3 patients (p<0.01). 这样的描述是正确而流畅的,但改用下面的描述,则更简练: The mean ALT level was higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p<0.01).
注意,than 后面要有与比较项目相应的代词,that或those。单数用that, 复数用those。但比较的句子也可以不用带有than的句子,只用比较级,而后面用as compared to …。例如上面的句子:The mean ALT of group 1 patients was significantly higher as compared to group 2 and 3 (p<0.01). 这样的句子可在用了若干个带than的比较句子之后使用,换一个方式,免得太单调、重复。
国内作者常常写成如下句型:… and … of … group ... were …, …, respectively; … and … of … group ... were … and … These differences were statistically significant (p<0.05). 后面这句必要性不大,在前一句后附上P值即可。
下面是N Engl J Med一篇摘要中的结果部分:
Results The mortality rate was 30.8 percent in the placebo group and 24.7 cent in the drotrecogin alfa activated group. On the basis of the prospectively defined primary analysis, ment with drotrecogin alfa activated was associated with a reduction in the relative risk of death of 19.4 percent (95 percent confidence interval,6.6 to 30.5)and an absolute reduction in the risk of death of 6.1 percent (P=0.005).The incidence of serious bleeding was higher in the drotrecogin alfa activated group than in the placebo group (3.5 percent vs.2.0 percent, P=0.06).? 这样的描述显得简捷、清楚,可读性强。
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