4 心肌缺血预调(ischemic preconditioning,IP)
4.1 阻断血流的IP 缺血预调是强有力的心肌保护方式,是内源性的对心肌缺血的预适应过程,其保护作用可分为两个时相,即早期和延迟时相,早期时相可以从几分钟到2~3h不等,延迟时相一般在预调后12~24h[27]。Kallner等研究[28]证明,CABG时阻断冠状动脉左前降支2~3min,复灌4~5min,可以对心脏产生心肌保护。其机制与降钙素基因相关肽(calcitoningene related peptide,CGRP)的释放有关,从而在人体上证实了局部心肌IP可以对全心缺血再灌注损伤产生心肌保护作用,有利于CABG患者术后心室功能的恢复。
4.2 药物IP 经典的缺血预调在临床应用当中需要暂时阻断血流,只适合于心外科病人,不适用于心内科病人,为了弥补上述不足,人们更加着眼于药物诱导缺血预调的方法。
4.2.1 腺苷IP Wei等[29]将30例CABG患者随机分为试验组及对照组,在试验组患者体外循环开始前经由Swan-Ganz导管连接上腔静脉管口按650μg/kg的剂量,100μg(kg·min)速度注射腺苷,而后开始体外循环,对照组不用药,结果显示,应用腺苷进行缺血预调后CK-MB的释放减少,心脏指数上升,有利于心肌功能恢复;但Belhomme在一项随机化的研究[30]中采用腺苷预调CABG患者,发现肌钙蛋白I(TnI)释放的峰值组间差异无显著性,而ecto-5’核苷酸酶(蛋白激酶C激活的标记物)在预调组显著升高,提示腺苷可以激活蛋白激酶C的预调通路,但难以获得令人满意的心肌保护效果,而且腺苷激动剂还可能引起低血压、心脏骤停、肾血管收缩,对疼痛敏感等不良反应。但是在有关急性心肌梗死(AMI)的临床研究中,腺苷的心肌保护效果是令人鼓舞的[31,32],AMI患者由静脉给予腺苷预调后行再灌注治疗(溶栓或者PTCA),可以减轻前壁心梗的程度。在腺苷的二期临床试验[31]当中,腺苷组AMI发生率、6个月后死亡率及心衰事件的发生率均降低,虽然和对照组相比没有显著的统计学意义,据分析可能与有些患者心肌没有得到充分的再灌注有关。
4.2.2 麻醉药物IP 近来的研究证实,挥发性麻醉药物包括七氟烷、异氟烷也能提供心肌保护作用[33,34],这种保护作用定义为麻醉药诱导的预调,类似于缺血预调,但机制尚未阐明,可能和ATP敏感的钾离子通道有关。De Hert[33]认为采用七氟烷麻醉同采用异丙酚麻醉的CABG患者相比较,前者心肌酶释放减少,术后心脏功能恢复提高。这些临床的初步证据提示麻醉药诱导的预调对人体心肌的保护作用,尽管有待大宗临床研究验证,但的确为临床预防心肌缺血提供了新的方向。
4.3 IP信号转导机制 Karck[35]在离体兔心上评价D-Ala2-D-Leu5脑啡肽(DADLE)(δ阿片受体激动剂)预调的心肌保护效果,显示δ阿片受体激活后的保护效果等同于经典的缺血预调,对于缺血后心功能的恢复有益处,而且此效果可被纳洛酮所逆转,充分提示了缺血预调有着阿片类受体的调制。线粒体的ATP敏感的钾离子通道也参与了缺血预调的信号转导,但是对于钾离子通道开放剂的效果仍然众说纷纭,各执一词,有的研究[36]提示,其功效与线粒体内Ca2+显著减少及膜电压变化有关,而另外的研究[37]报道则表明几乎没有膜电压的变化,也没有Ca2+及生物能学的变化。Loubani等[38]认为线粒体ATP敏感的钾离子通道并不是缺血预调所致心肌保护的最终效应器,而p38分裂素激活的蛋白激酶可能是缺血预调信号转导途径的一个重要角色,然而,目前多数研究认为,如果对其阻断,则会减轻缺血预调的心肌保护作用,并且认为其在调节反应性氧化产物(ROS),促进氧化磷酸化及Ca2+的稳态方面有着重要作用,单纯的应用某种钾通道阻滞剂或开放剂进行研究得出某种论断的方法对于结果的解释通常缺乏说服力,仍有待于进一步深入研究[39]。
4.4 IP同细胞凋亡 Zhao等研究[40]表明,IP可上调Bcl-2和下调p53基因的表达,改变抗凋亡蛋白和促凋亡蛋白的平衡,抑制心肌细胞的凋亡而发挥保护作用。然而Wu等[41]研究结果表明,IP的心肌保护效果同心肌细胞的凋亡并没有关系,最近Okubo等[42]证明,IP效应可以减少心肌细胞凋亡,而且认为D阿片受体(delta-opioid receptor,DOR)起着IP信号传导的重要作用,看来IP在心肌细胞凋亡方面是有一定效果,但和不同IP的方式、作用机制、实验方法等密切相关,目前尚未完全明了,有关IP同凋亡的研究仍有待于进一步深入。
4.5 IP结语 IP调动内源性保护机制,通过各种信号转导途径,进而触发信号分子事件的连锁反应,激活转录因子,介导保护性蛋白的基因表达从而降低细胞的氧化应激和炎症反应,提高心肌细胞自身对缺血、缺氧的耐受能力,为心肌保护提供了一个新的途径。随着对IP机制研究不断地深入及临床实施IP方法的不断改进,IP在心肌保护方面的效应将会更加明显。
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