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PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT | |
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防治原则 | |
| Prevention and treatment of disease are two principles that must be followed in TCM work. Both of them are important components of the theoretical system of TCM. | 疾病的防和治是中医必须遵循的两个原则，都是中医理论系统的重要组成部分。 |
| I. Prevention | I.预防 |
| By prevention is meant taking certain measures to avoid the occurrence and progress of diseases. TCM has always attached great importance to prevention. As early as in Huangdi's Classic on Medicine, the preventive thought of "preventive treatment of diseases" was advanced. This theory involves two aspects: preventive treatment before the occurrence of diseases and preventing deterioration after the occurrence of diseases. Basic Questions states:" Wise men always give the preventive treatment before a disease occurs and prevent a disturbance before it starts…. Not taking medicine until a disease comes on or not preventing a disturbance until it starts is no different from not digging a well until one is thirsty or not making weapons until a battle starts. Isn't that be too late?" After liberation, our government put forward "put prevention first". It is one of the four great policies of the medical and health work of China. And it is also a principle of preventing the occurrence and the progression of a disease in TCM. | 预防指的是采取一定的措施避免疾病的发生和发展。中医总是非常重视预防。早在《黄帝内经》就提出了“治未病”的预防思想。该理论涉及两个方面：未病先防和既病防变。《素问》指出：“是故圣人不治已病治未病，不治已乱治未乱......。夫病已成而后药之，乱已成而后治之，譬犹渴而穿井，战而铸锥，不亦晚乎？”解放后，我国政府提出了“预防第一”，是中国医疗卫生工作的四大原则之一。它也是中医防止疾病发生和发展的原则。 |
| 1. Preventive Treatment of Disease | 1.未病先防 |
| It refers to taking various measures to prevent diseases from occurring. The occurrence of a disease is related to both pathogenic factors and vital qi. The former is the important condition for the occurrence of a disease, which the deficiency of the latter is the intrinsic factor for the occurrence of a disease. Therefore, preventive treatment of a disease must start with both strengthening the resistance inside the body and preventing pathogens from invading the human body. Basic Questions States:" The body with vital qi is never attacked by pathogenic factors." To prevent the disease from occurring the following preventive measures mucs be taken. | 未病先防指的是采取各种措施防止疾病的发生。疾病的发生和邪气及正气都相关。前者是疾病发生的重要条件，后者的亏虚则是疾病发生的必要条件。因此，未病先防必须从加强人体的抵抗力和防止病邪的侵犯开始。《素问》指出：“正气存内，邪不可干。”预防疾病的发生必须采取以下预防措施。 |
| (1)Streagthening Vital Qi's Capacity to Resist Pathogens | （1)扶正御邪 |
| a. Regulating Mental Activities to Maintain the Health | a.调养精神活动以保持健康 |
| b. Keeping regular hours | b.作息规律 |
| c. Doing regular physical exercises | c.适当的体育锻炼 |
| d. Using drug prophylaxis and providing artificial immunization | d.药物预防和提供人工免疫 |
| (2) Defending the body against pathogens | （2)抗御邪气 |
| a. Keeping away from six exogenous pathogens and pestilence | a.远离六yin疫气 |
| b. Avoiding various infectious diseases and trauma | b.避免感染性疾病和外伤 |
| c. Developing hygienic habits and preventing environmental pollution, as well as water and food contamination | c.养成卫生习惯，防止环境污染及水源和食物污染。 |
| 2. Preventing the deterioration of disease | 2.既病防变 |
| Though prevention prior to the occurrence of a disease is the best policy, timely diagnosis and effective treatment to control the deterioration of disease is also important. Therefore, once a disease occurs, it should be early treated so as to cure it in its initial stage. Ye Tianshi, a famous practitioner of the Qing Dynasty, advised:" Be sure to treat the parts which the pathogens have not involved yet." This is also an important method of preventing the disease from further deteriorating. | 虽然未病先防是最好的措施，但及时诊断和有效的治疗对控制疾病恶化同样重要。因此，一旦疾病发生了，就应该及早治疗以争取在疾病早期治愈。叶天士，清代的著名医家建议：“治邪之未至。”这也是防止疾病进一步恶化的重要方法。 |
| II. Principles of Treatment | II.治疗原则 |
| To study TCM treatment, attention should be paid to the therapeutic principles which must be followed in the treatment of disease. They are formed under the guidance of holistic concept and TDS, and they have the guiding significance for establishment of the therapeutic principles and prescriptions of a recipe. Therapeutic principles differ from therapeutic methods. The former refer to the general principles for guiding therapeutic methods, while the latter are the concrete methods of treatment under the guide of the therapeutic principles. There are different kinds of therapeutic principles in TCM. For example, treatment aiming at the primary cause of a disease, strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogenic factors, readjusting yin and yang, regulating the zangfu's functions, regulating qi-blood and treatment in accordance with the three factors( Climate, locality and individual). | 研究中医治疗，必须注意随疾病治疗而定的治疗原则。它们是在整体观念和辨证论治的指导下形成的，对治疗原则的确立和处方的确定有指导意义。治疗原则和治疗方法不同。前者指的是指导治疗方法的总原则，而后者是在治疗原则指导下的具体治疗方法。中医有各种不同的治疗原则。例如，治病求本，扶正驱邪，调理阴阳，调理脏腑，调理气血和三因制宜（因时，因地，因人)。 |
| 1. Treatment Aiming at the Root Cause of a Disease | 1.治病求本 |
| By treatment aiming at the root cause of a disease is meant treating a disease on the basis of its root cause. It is not until the fundamental cause of a disease is found out that it is possible to get to the essence of the problem and to make a proper treatment. Basic Questions points out, " In treating search for the its root cause of a disease of a disease in treatment. " When treatment aiming at the root cause of a disease is used clinically, routine treatment or contrary treatment and treating the primary (ben) and or treating the secondary (biao ) must be dealt with correctly. | 治病求本意味着根据疾病的根源基础治疗基础。只有发现疾病的基本原因，才能抓住问题的本质和制定适当的治疗。《素问》指出：“治病必求于本。”将治病求本运用于临床时，正治或反治和治本和治标必须正确运用。 |
| Routine treatment includes the following methods: treating cold syndrome with hot natured drug, treating heat syndrome with cold natured drug, treating deficiency syndrome by replenishment, treating excess syndrome by purgation, etc. | 正治包括以下方法：寒者热之，热者寒之，虚者实之，实者泻之，等。 |
| Contrary treatment has the following methods: treating pseudo-heat syndrome with hot-natured drugs, treating pseudo-cold syndrome with cold-natured drugs, treating obstruction-syndrome with tonification and treating diarrhea with purgation. | 反治有以下方法：热因热用，寒因寒用，塞因塞用和通因通用。 |
| Treatment of the primary and the secondary includes the following methods: treating the secondary for emergency, treating the primary for chronic cases and treating both the primary and the secondary aspects. | 治标和治本包括以下方法：急则治标，缓则治本和标本兼治。 |
| 2. Strengthening Vital Qi and Eliminating Pathogens. | 2.扶正驱邪 |
| Strengthening vital qi is to increase body resistance. Since victory or failure in the struggle between vital qi and pathogens determines the aggravation or alleviation of a disease, one of the important principles in clinical treatment is to change the relative strength of vital qi and pathogens. In so doing, the disease will take a turn for the better. | 扶正可以增强人体抵抗力。由于正邪之争的胜负决定了疾病的加重或减轻，所以临床上一个重要的原则就是改变邪正之间的相对强盛，这样疾病才会好转。 |
| Eliminating pathogens means getting rid of pathogenic factors to facilitate and recover the strength of vial qi. Therefore, eliminating pathogens, like strengthening vital qi, is also one of the important principles clinically. | 驱邪意味着驱除病邪以恢复正气的强盛。因此，驱邪和扶正一样是临床上重要的原则之一。 |
| They have the following methods: driving out pathogens first and then strengthening vital qi, strengthening vital qi first and then eliminating pathogens and strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogens simultaneously. | 它们有以下方法：先驱邪后扶正、先扶正后驱邪和扶正兼驱邪。 |
| Strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogens supplement each other: the former helps the elimination of pathogenic factors and the latter helps strengthening vital qi. So, clinically, they should be applied in the light of the variations of the cases. | 扶正与驱邪相互补充：扶正有助于驱邪，而驱邪有助于扶正。所以，临床上必须根据疾病的不同适当选用。 |
| 3. Readjusting Yin and Yang. | 3.调理阴阳 |
| The imbalance of yin and yang is the basic pathogenesis of many a disease, therefore, regulating relative excess or insufficiency of yin and yang, remedying defects to rectify abuses and restoring relative balance of yin and yang are one of the basic principles in clinical treatment. To restore their balance yin and yang are usually regulated by means of removing the relative excess or invigorating the relative deficiency. Since Yin and Yang are the changes may be summarized as the imbalance of yin and yang. | 阴阳失调是许多疾病的疾病病理改变，因此，调整阴阳的偏盛偏虚，补虚泻实，重建阴阳的相对平衡是临床治疗疾病的原则之一。重建阴阳的平衡通常由泻实和补虚的调理而实现。因此，阴阳变化可归纳为阴阳失衡。 |
| Besides, regulating zang-fu's functions and qi-blood relationship are also two important therapeutic principles. Space lacks for a detailed description of it. | 除此之外，调理脏腑功能和气血关系也是两种重要的治疗原则。篇幅所限，恕不叙述。 |
| 4. Treatment in Accordance with Three Factors (climate, locality and individual). | 4.三因制宜（因时，因地，因人) |
| This is the therapeutic principle that TCM adopts in treating diseases. The occurrence, development and changes of a disease are involved by various factors, including the climate, geographical environment, the patient's constitution, sex and age etc. Therefore, when treating a disease, the doctor must take the three conditions into account, and make a concrete analysis of concrete conditions and deal with them in different ways, thereby working out an appropriate therapeutic method. | 这是中医适用于治疗疾病的治疗原则。疾病的发生、发展和变化与许多因素有关，包括天气、地理环境、病人的体质、性别和年龄等。因此，医生治疗疾病时，必须考虑这三个条件，对具体条件做具体分析并区别对待，从而制定出适当的治疗方法。 |
| Beside the above contents, we want to talk about therapeutic methods of TCM. Traditional methods fall into eight categories. | 除此之外，我们还想谈谈中医的治疗方法。传统的方法可以归为八种。 |
| a. Diaphoresis | a.汗法 |
| One of the eight therapeutic methods, which is expelling superficial pathogens by opening the pores of the skin, and regulating the function f ying and wei. It possesses the actions of antipyretics, promoting eruption, reducing edema and rheumatism, etc. | 为八法之一，可以驱除表邪，开发腠理和调和营卫。它有解热发表，减轻水肿和风湿等作用。 |
| b. Emesis | b.吐法 |
| Emesis is a treatment to use emetics or physical stimulation to induce vomiting for the removal of retained toxic substances in the throat, chest or stomach. But emesis is prohibited for pregnant women and must be applied cautiously to the weak. | 吐法是用催吐剂或人工诱导促进呕吐以驱除喉、胸或胃部残留的有害物质。但是吐法禁用于妊娠妇女，慎用于体弱者。 |
| c. Purgation | c.泻法 |
| This is the therapeutic method for eliminating the undigested food, potent excessive heat and fluid by the application of potent or mild purgatives, generally classified into purgation with cold natured drugs, that with warm natured drugs, that with lubricant natured drugs and hydropathic therapy. | 这是用有效的或轻的泻法清除未消化食物、实热和液体的治疗方法，总的可以分为寒药泻法、热药泻法、滑性药泻法和水剂泻法。 |
| d. Mediation | d.和法 |
| It is a treatment to dispel the pathogenic factors of shaoyang ( half-exterior and half-interior ) and regulate qi and blood of zang-fu organs by the application of drugs with actions of dispersion and regulation, including relieving shaoyang disorder, dispersing stagnated liver-qi, regulating the function of the liver and spleen or of the liver and stomach, etc. | 这是一种用具有发散和调和作用的药物驱除少阳之邪、调理脏腑气血的治疗方法，包括和解少阳，疏肝理气，调理肝脾和调理肝胃等。 |
| e. Warming | e.温法 |
| Warming, as the term suggests, is a therapeutic method using drugs of warm and hot nature to treat cold-syndrome, dispelling cold by warming middle energizer expelling and helps recover yang, removes cold by warming and meridians, restoring yang from collapse and regulating the blood vessels, etc. | 温法，正如名字所提示的，是一种用温热性药治疗寒证的治疗方法，可以温中祛寒，宣发阳气，温经祛寒，回阳救逆，温通血脉等。 |
| f. Heat-Clearing | f.清热 |
| It is an effective method to clear away pathogenic heat and fire with drugs of cold and cool nature, applicable to excess-heat syndromes. | 它是一种用寒凉药物清除火热之邪的一种有效方法，适用于实热证。 |
| g. Resolution | g.消法 |
| A therapeutic method for dispelling pathogenic sthenia by removing retained food and masses due to stagnation of qi, blood stasis, phlegm, undigested food, including regulating the flow of qi, promoting blood circulation, removing dampness through diuresis, dispelling phlegm, etc. | 它是一种以祛除气滞、血瘀、痰饮、饮食不化引起的饮食停滞而达到泻实的治疗方法，包括行气，活血，利尿化湿，祛痰等。 |
| h. Tonification | h.补法 |
| It's a therapeutic method for various kinds of deficiency syndromes due to insufficiency of yin and yang, qi and blood, generally classified into invigorating qi, enriching blood, invigorating yang, nourishing yin. | 它是一种适用于由阴阳气血亏虚引起的各种虚证的治疗方法，总的可以分为补气，养血，温阳，滋阴。 |
| In clinical practice, any of the therapeutic methods mentioned above is unlikely to satisfy the treatment of, especially, complicated cases, so, to keep all the aspects in view, two or more are usually employed in coordination. | 在临床实践中，以上提及的任何一种治疗方法都不可能完全适用于特别是复杂的疾病的治疗，因此，应该统观全局，同时结合运用两种或两种以上的治疗方法。med126.com |
