第七节 不良反应
不良反应这一项中包括药物的副作用、症状及体征、毒性作用及耐受力、过敏反应、停药等。现分述如下：
1.“不良反应”的常用的英语表示法有：
Adverse Reaction（s)不良反应 Unwanted（Untoward) Reaction（s)不良反应
2“副作用”的常用的英语表示法有：
Side-effect(s) 副作用 Unwanted（Undesirable) Effects 副作用
Side Reaction(s) 副作用 By-effects 副作用
3.常见的霉副反应的症状及体征的词语很多，但记住下列词语很有必要：
allergic (hypersensitive，anaphylactic)reaction(s) 过敏反应
allergy(hypersensitivity) 过敏 dizzziness 眩晕
gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道 fever 发热
local reaction(s) 局部反应 flush 潮红
skin reaction（s)皮肤反应 headache 头痛
symptom（s)症状 nausea 恶心
systematic 全身的 pruritus 瘙痒
anorexia 厌食 rash 皮疹
blood count 白细胞计数 spasm 痉挛
blood pressure 血压 thirst 口渴
coma 昏迷 tiredness 疲倦
4.“霉性”、“耐受性”的英语表示法：
toxicity 毒性
tolerance（tolerability) 耐受力，耐药性
tolerate（toleration) 耐受
5.“停药”的英语表示法举例：
abandon 停药
discontinue（discontinuance,discontinuation) 停药，中断（治疗)
cease（cessation)（stop)停药（停止治疗)
don't use 勿使用（停药)
suspend 停药
terminate 停止，结束
withdraw（be withdrawn，withdrawal)停药
6.其他一些常见的基本词汇及短语：
acute 急性的 control（be controlled)控制
chronic 慢性的 diminish（reduce，reduction)减少
common 常见的 disappear 消失
irreversible 不可逆的 encounter 遇到，见到
mild 轻微的 give rise to 产生
normal 正常的 include 包括
rare（ly)罕见的（地) lead to 导致
reverside 可逆的 manifest 表明，显示
severe 严重的 observe（be observed)（被)观察到
temporary 暂时的 produce 产生
transient 一过性的，短暂的 react to 对……反应
appear（develop，happen，occur)出现（产生)
result from 由……引起 be reported （被)报道
result in 导致 cause (be caused by) （由……)引起
treat（treatment) 治疗
special care（caution)should be exercised 特别小心（注意)
例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhaea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdomina pain, headache, restlessness, rash, dizziness and pruritus.
环丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常报道的副作用有：恶心、腹泻、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛、头痛、不安、皮疹、头晕及瘙痒。医学.全在线www.med126.com
例2 Side-effects are rare with slow-K, as any excess potassium is rapidly excreted in the urine.
施乐凯的副作用根罕见，因为任何过量的钾都迅速由尿排出。
例3 At the recommended dosage side-effects e.g. venous irritatiion or hypersensitivity reactions (cutaneous and mucous reactions) are only observed in isolated cases.
用推荐剂量治疗时，仅见个别的静脉刺激或过敏反应（皮肤及粘膜反应)病例。
例4 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued.
当不良反应发生时，它们往往是可逆的，停用激素后副作用即消失。
例5 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough druing the treatment.
最严重的副作用是骨髓损害，因此在治疗期间，要经常监测白细胞计数。
例6 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage.
这些副作用通常在7-14日之后，或者暂时降低剂量便自行消失。
例7 With high dosage continuous infusion (more than 200mg/m2/day) over 5 to 7 days, the gastrointestinal complications are more pronounced and can on occasion lead to ileus. All side effects are reversible after cessation of therapy.
大剂量连续输注超过 5～7日（超过 200mg／m2／日)，胃肠道并发症更为明显，偶尔可导致肠梗阻。停药后副作用皆可逆转。
例 8 In some patients nausea， dizziness，and vomiting may occur in the first days of treatment but the treatment need not be discontinued for that. In rare cases a decrease of blood pressure may appear for which a blood pressure check-up is recommended in out-patients before the treatment is initiated. If side-effects persist, lower doses should be administered.
服用本品的头几天，有些病人可能会出现恶心、头晕和呕吐，但不必停药。偶有血压下降的病例，为此，在治疗开始前建议对门诊患者检测血压。若副作用持续不消失，应减少服用剂量。
例9 Major adverse reactions (much less common than the minor adverse reactions) include inhibition of myelopoiesis, drug fever and hepatitis.
较重的不良反应（远不及轻度不良反应常见)包括抑制骨髓细胞生成，药物热及肝炎。
例10 Side-effects: Loss of appetite and nausea occur in most cases, sometimes with vomiting. These symptoms are usually confined to the first few days of treatment and then tend to disappear.
副作用：多数病例出现食欲减退、恶心，有时呕吐。这些症状通常发生在治疗的最初几天，以后逐渐消失。
