二、病历与时态
1．现症历(present illness)：
1)A.现在式：表示一般的真理、职业、人格、习惯和现在的事实、动作或状态。
例1：Sedentary habits often interfere with health
例2：He is mentally deranged and disoriented as to time, place, and person
例3：He gets up at 6 every morning.
B.现在进行式（Be+ pres. p.)表示现在某动作正在进行中。
例1：Both his parents are still living and well.
例2：The patients is getting worse and worse.
例3：The patients is progressively doing well.
C.表「经常的习惯」也用进行式，通常与always, constantly等副词连用。
例1：He is always taking a nap in class.
例2：He is constantly forgetting peoples’ names.
例3：He is for ever complaining of headaches.
D.通常不用进行式的动词。
a)不随意动词( Verbs of involuntary actions)：
-知觉( perception)：feel, hear, notice, see, smell等。
例1：Whenever he has a cold, he can neither taste nor smell.
-知识(knowledge)：believe, (dis)agree, doubt, find, forget, know, mind, remember, think, understand等。
例1：She does not remember specific scratches which might have preceded the present lesions.
-感情( emotion)：desire, despise, disgust, fear, hate, hope, (dis)like, love, prefer, want等。
例1：He likes lobster, but it disagrees with him.
b)表示继续状态的动词( Verbs of continuous state)：表示存在、所有等动
词：appear, be, belong, consist, flow, have, hold, live, look, possess, resemble, seem等。
例1：Her fingers and hands are stiff and cyanotic.
例2：He has no discomfort and eats well.
2)A.现在完成式( Have+ p.p)医学.全.在线.网.站.提供
a)表示动作的完了(completion of an action)或其结果的现在状态(present state of things)：
例1：The patient has passed the crisis. = The patient is out of danger now.
例2：He has caught cold. = He has a cold now.
注：常用的连用副词为：all this while, (not) yet, already , just, now, by this time, today, this week( or month, year, etc.), hitherto, till now, up to( till) now, recently, lately, of late等。
比较：过去式仅表示过去的动作状态；现在完成式则以表示现在为主。
例1：He had no appetite for food. (过去式)→表示过去某时有过食欲不振
例2：Lately he had had no appetite for food. (现在完成式)→表示现在仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至现在为止的经验( experience)：
例1：He has seldom consulted a doctor in his life.
例2：He has never been treated by a doctor since he was born.
注：表示经验时，常用的副词为：ever, before, once, many times, (very) often, seldom, sometimes, in one’s time等副词。比较：同一动词有时表示完了，有时表示经验，视其所连用的副词而决定。
例1：He has just undergone a nephrectomy.→表示动作完了。
例2：He has undergone a nephrectomy once.→表示经验。
c)表示截至现在为止的动作或状态的继续（continuance)
例1：He has been deaf in the left ear since the age of 18 and has experienced slight dizziness on stooping.
例2：Except fro a slight loss of energy, he has always felt well.
例3：For the past 10 years he has had persistent and high-pitched tinnitus in his left ear, consisting a buzzing sensation and, occasionally, the sounds of bells.
注：常用的连用副词为：since, always, from, for, these, how long？
B.现在完成进行式( Have been +~ing)
a)表示以前开始的动作继续到现在的状态：
例1：He came here 2 weeks ago, and has been lying sick with a cold since then.
例2：The patient has recently had experience of memory loss and of spells of dizziness. For the preceding 5 years she has been receiving treatment for hypertension.
b)表示「习惯」：
例1：The patient has been smoking excessively.
例2：She has been chewing a wad of bubble gum all day.
注：常用的连用副词为：since, for, how long？,these, form, always等。
比较：
例1：He has been learning medicine for 5 years. (继续)
例2：He has learned medicine for 5 years. (经验)
