养正私塾:Schipper Kristofer 施舟人北大演讲全文《中国的历史文化及其在全球的影响》

本帖最后由 osho1 于 2011/10/12 12:28 编辑

Schipper Kristofer 施舟人北大演讲全文《中国的历史文化及其在全球的影响》
"Understanding the Chinese Development : Its History and its Present Global Significance"

地点：北京大学校长办公楼礼堂，时间：2008年06月26日。
听众：美国教育代表团(来自美国44个州的450名教育官员)。

资料来源：施舟人五经翻译 感动中国
http://blog.sina。com。cn/schipper

简介：法国国家高等研究院(EPHE)教授施舟人(Kristofer Marinus Schipper)。施舟人教授通晓八种语言，是欧洲三大汉学家之一。历任国立法国高等研究院(EPHE)教授、法兰西学院高等汉学研究所(IHEC du Collège de France)所长、法国远东研究院(EFEO)研究员、荷兰莱顿大学(LEYDE)中国历史学讲座教授、荷兰皇家科学院(KNAW)院士。施舟人1934年生于瑞典，祖籍荷兰，二十岁即已到达巴黎学习汉学，先后获得法国高等研究院(EPHE)博士学位、法国国家文学博士学位(Doctorat d"Etat ès Lettres)。后仍不满足于书本，又到台湾南部，亲身体悟道教七年，成为受到真传的外籍道士。从台南回到法国后，被聘任至国立法国高等研究院EPHE，任教长达三十年。2001年来中国大陆至今。施舟人现领衔主持大型国际学术合作项目《中华五经——诗经、尚书、礼记、易经、春秋》八种语言外文翻译工作。在西方视角中，道教研究是汉学核心。国际学界普遍认为，道教文明是真正的中华本土文明，其中涵盖了科学、艺术、医学、历史、伦理、哲学、心理等几乎全部人类学科。而作为西方汉学发源地的巴黎，是整个西方欧美世界的道教研究中心。施舟人治学五十载而不辍，学问渊深，屡次主持西方汉学研究国际合作。2005年，施舟人毕生巨著《道藏通考》三卷本在美国芝加哥大学出版——此书是接续了欧洲几代汉学家之努力，才最终得以完成的对于煌煌巨著《道藏》所含全部书籍之历史考证。同年，法国总统授予施舟人荣誉骑士勋位(Légion d"honneur)。之后，有感于回忆六十年代其师长饶宗颐在法国高等研究院(EPHE)讲学时，闻听《五经》不被西方所知、日渐湮没而落泪，(后饶宗颐曾获法国高等研究院EPHE建校百年以来首次颁发的亚裔荣誉博士殊荣)，施舟人心中受到极大震撼，故晚年不休，多年为《中华五经》之国际研究翻译工作而奔走。现领衔主持由法国高等研究院、哈fo大学、北京大学、巴黎大学、剑桥大学、普林斯顿大学中国国家汉办、中国孔子学院、香港中文大学等世界级学术机构的国际合作计划《五经翻译》。即检校中华五经之西方历代旧译，补译所缺，改正错误，并利用一切最新考古发现，校订版本，最后逐字逐句翻译，集体商定。最终将饶宗颐先生所称的蕴含中华文明真正源头的五部经典《五经》——《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《易经》、《春秋》——重新系统地、科学地翻译为八种外语（法语、英语、德语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语、希伯来语、印地语、马来语)，为其在世界五大洲流传，最终集体确立一个负责任的西文定本，以真正实现中华古文明之播火。此项工程，将建立在坚实的国际汉学合作基础上，但其意义，已超出了学术本身。返本归原，再明中华。造福人类，意义深远。

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演讲：

Well, thank you very much indeed
非常感谢大家。
I am really embarrassed now to begin my talk
我现在有点不知道怎么开口
after your expectation has been set so high
因为刚才的介绍让你们对我的期望值太高了。
But let me first say dear Madam Xu
但是还是要首先向徐琳女士
dear President Wu dear friends
吴志攀主任和各位朋友问候一句
Zaoshanghao
早上好
I have been asked to be here at this morning
今天早上我应邀来到这里
session to give the customary talk on
与大家探讨一个十分普遍的话题
Chinese language and culture.
中国的语言和文化。
You may be surprised to see
你们看到一张“外国脸”
a foreigner like you waiguolian
来讲中国文化一定会觉得奇怪
Perhaps it should be a Chinese
也许确实应该由一位中国人来讲
What claim can I make to stand here before you and introduce Chinese culture
那么我有什么资格站在大家面前呢
that I had to learn sometimes the hard way that we all have
我同大家一样 在学习中国文化时 要付出很大努力
Probably it’s because I am now 73
也许我的优势就是我今年已经73岁了
and I spent 50 years of my life doing the stuff.
我一生有50年的时间都在研究中国文化
So being here with all of you,
所以我今天才能同大家坐在一起，
and also very welcome with your schools, your universities or colleges preparing
同时我也很高兴地看到你们的很多学校、大学和学院
or already having curriculums in Chinese studies.
都在准备或者已经设置了中国研究的课程。
Perhaps our Chinese friends thought that
也许中国朋友们会发现
I would be a person he would like to talk to and exchange your views with
我是一个愿意与大家对话 交流思想的人
so this morning
所以今天
I proposed that instead of taking to you
我建议不只是我一个人讲
I’d like to talking with you
而是我们相互交流
And of course there should be some kind of general subject we should talk about.
我想一定有一些普遍的话题是我们可以讨论的
So let’s say that I will first present you with a power point presentation I made,
所以，我先给大家用我做的幻灯片做一个演讲
and here you see the title already,
你们已经看到题目了
which is a power point presentation about Chinese culture and its place in the world
主要是关于中国文化及其在世界上的地位
with special emphasis on the relations of China with world formerly and today.
并重点关注中国过去与现在与其它各国的关系。
That will be one common ground we will have.
我想我们应该能够达成一些共识
And before embarking on this presentation,
在开始之前，我想先说明，如果时间允许
and then after with the pleasure I hope if time allows
我很高兴在演讲结束后回答大家的问题
to have some general discussion here and I hope some of you will come up with questions, remarks or criticisms or problems whatever you have.
大家有什么问题 看法和意见 都可以畅所欲言
The anther point I would like to make is that I could not cover in my speech today
另外我还想说一点题外话
and that is that I feel that having come to China is also
我觉得来到中国，了解中国的原因之一
because China has come to you in many ways.
是因为在很多方面都能感受到中国。
Now specially in the United Sates of America,
尤其是在美国
many eminent universities and colleges have a great number of ancient study students.
许多杰出的大学里都有很多做古代文化研究的学生。
And among those students,
在这些学生中
the students of Chinese descendants are numerous indeed.
中国人的数量可谓是十分庞大的。
Not only there are many students and many excellent Chinese students,
不仅是有很多学生，很多优秀的中国学生
you may know, you may be one of them,
你们可能认识这样的学生，或者是他们的一员，
but also China now is present everywhere.
你还会觉得中国的气息无处不在。
If after, let’s say 15 years of hard work are wonderful fast-food chain, like McDonald or Kentucky Fried Chicken，
如果说，像麦当劳、肯德基这样的优秀的快餐连锁店，用了大概15年的时间
are now present in china and have a few thousand outlets.
在中国建立了几千家连锁店。
We should not ignore the fact that
那么我们千万别忘了
there are 40,000 Chinese restaurants in the United States alone.
仅仅在美国，就有四万家中餐馆。
What is this Chinese expansion?
什么是中国的扩张
What does it mean?
它又说明了什么？
Because it’s global，
由于这种扩张是全球式的
what does it mean to our world of today and the world of tomorrow?
它对当今世界和未来世界来说，又意味着什么？
I think these are good tides, I am very positive about that.
我认为这是很好的趋势，
But there is also something we have to understand.
但是我们有一些东西是我们必须了解的。
So I am first and I hope you’ll bare with me show you a few pictures and a few comments
所以请允许我先给大家看几幅图片，发表一下我的意见，
and then invite you to join with me in this discussion.
然后我们来共同讨论。
Although the present surroundings may not really evoke that or suggest that in recent time
尽管现在展示的图片并不能说明
the world has witnessed the dynamic rise of China as a major world power.
中国已经崛起成为一个世界强国，
The development has been spectacular in all fields of science and technology.
但是中国在各个领域都有了长足的发展。科学技术突飞猛进，
Living standards have raised domestically,
人民生活水平显著提高
the infrastructure of communication networks and public facilities have been revolutionized
通讯网络基础设施和公共设施明显改善，
and also in the fields of education, tremendous progress has been achieved.
还有教育方面，中国也取得了巨大的进步。
Yeah, China also has a very long history.
对，中国还是一个历史悠久的国家。
It’s not the oldest civilization in the world perhaps
也许中国并不是世界上最古老的文明，
but it’s certainly the oldest continuous
但确是世界上现存的
still living Asian civilization in the world, along with India.
并且仍然在延续的最古老的亚洲文明，与印度齐名。
China today is a place of contrasts.
中国是一个充满强烈对比的地方，
This is former Shanghai
这是旧上海
and some part of Shanghai that still looks this way.
现在上海很多地方还都保留了原有的样子。
But for those of you who are going to Shanghai,
但是，如果你们现在去上海
what you also see is this.
看到的应该是这样的图景。
There still some places in Bejing,
还有北京的一些地方，
where you can find this familiar scene:
这样的画面大家应该很熟悉：
small Hutong with many shops, in the open people walking around, pedestrians,
胡同两侧，小店林立，行人来来往往，
but this is a view of Beijing you have already seen I suppose from your bus,
但是这一幅应该是大家坐在公交车上能看到的场景
and become equally familiar.
同样觉得很熟悉。
What was the response of the world towards China 2 centuries ago?
两个世纪以前，世界眼中的中国是什么样的？
Here you have Leo Port, from Rangc,
这是Leo Port, 来自Rangc,
who was famous when I started my Chinese studies.
在我该开始学习中国研究的时候就很有名了。
He would be surprised, good Leo Port, in his shamber look,
这位Leo Port听了以后一定会瞪大眼睛，
if he knew how much China had already changed at the time he wrote those words of Eternal Stagnation.
如果他知道，早在他写《永恒的停滞》这本书的时候，中国就已经发生了变化。
Because one of the keys
我今天演讲的重点之一
and one of the main themes of my talk today is that
同时也是一个重要的主题
china has always changed.
就是中国一直在发生变化。
Throughout its long history, it is often, not always,
在其漫漫历史长河中，除了少数例外，
but often dynamically adopted to new circumstances and new developments.
中国总是能够积极地适应新情况、新发展。
In fact China’s history is a succession of different eras
事实上，中国历史就是不同时代的连续体
that all have their different characteristics.
每个时代都各有特点。
Things are not the same.
东西不会是一成不变的。
If you have a piece of ceramics in the Tang dynasty,
如果你手里有一片唐朝的瓷片，
it’s quite different from the one of the Song dynasty.
那它跟宋朝的肯定有很大不同。
For us Europeans, I speak for myself,
对我们欧洲人来说，当然这只是我的观点，
there are far more continuity in southern France and Italy,
法国南部和意大利则更有持续性。
the way peasants live, the way they make their things,
农民的生活方式，他们的制作方法，
is very much like what in antiquity.
都跟古代十分相似。
But China has changed so dramatically throughout its history.
但是中国却在历史长河中发生了巨大的变化。
That is one of the keys of understanding China today.
这是了解现代中国的密钥之一。
In fact, when we talk about Chinese tradition,
事实上，当我们谈中国的传统
we talk about change.
我们就是在谈变化。
In China, great change is also the great tradition.
在中国，巨大的变化就是伟大的传统。
When did China begin?
中国起源于何时？
There is Pekingman, his face is here.
这是北京人的图片，你们可以看到他的长相。
It is of course something imagined by an artist.
当然这是艺术家想象的。
I suppose he must have been more handsome than that.
我想他本人一定要英俊的多。
But anyway, he lived a long long time ago,
不管怎样，他生活在很久很久以前
perhaps half a million years.
大概五十万年前吧。
But really civilization, and already very much, Chinese civilization,
但是那时候文明已经出现，而且有了一定规模。
Chinese with rice and also with beautiful ceramics,
中国的水稻和漂亮的瓷器，
is not found in northern China,
不是在中国北部发现的，
but in central eastern China, in the province of Zhejiang,
而是在中国中东部省份，浙江发现的。
and it dates about 7000 years ago.
大概有7000多年的历史了。
This is China’s neo-lithic period.
那时是中国的新石器时代。
They lived already in wooden houses,
中国人那时已经居住在木头房子了，
they ate already rice,
已经能吃上水稻，
the first and the earliest rice cultivation we found in the world.
中国是世界上第一个也是最早种植水稻的国家。
So here we embark on our trip
在这里，让我们扬帆启航
through Chinese history.
畅游于中国的历史长河，
I hope you’ll bare with me and
希望大家喜欢我的演讲，
I hope you’ll be able to see the power point presentation
也希望大家都能看清幻灯片上的文字
and for those who are a bit sitting in the back,
有一些人坐在大厅后面的位子，
and I saw there are still some chairs open here and there’s still some places open there,
我看到这边还有一些空的椅子，这边也有，
so if you are far away in the back of this hall and you can’t read the print on my ppt,
所以，如果你觉得自己坐的太靠后，看不清幻灯片上的字，
please, this is the moment, to come up and sit over here, OK?
可以现在坐到前面来。
This doesn’t seem to happen.
看来没有人愿意换位子。
I am going now to embark with you another trip, a trip through history.
下面就请随我踏上这段历史旅程。
There are four important periods.
有四个比较重要的时期。
I am not going to ask you to learn by heart after this talk the 24 or 25 dynasties of China.
我不会要求大家把中国24或25个朝代都背下来。
Let’s keep it simply.
我们把它变得简单些。
China has 2000 years of its ancient history from its first dynasty until the moment it became what we called the unified empire.
中国从出现第一个朝代到形成一个统一的帝国，一共有2000多年的历史。
Before that, China was a confederation of states,
在这之前，中国是诸侯国的联邦
called “the middle kingdoms imperial”.
叫做“中央帝国”。
Then we have anther period of China as a mighty states
然后是中国非常强盛的时期
at that time, from 220BC to 903
从公元前220年到903年，
China became a world power.
中国发展成为世界强国。
Then anther later empire that go all way up to 1911,
接下来的一个时期一直持续到1911年
when China became a republic.
中华民国成立。
And now we have modern and contemporary China,
接下来就是近代和当代中国，
with 100 years of modernization and progress.
100多年来，不断走向现代化和历史进步。
During its early history, ,
在中国历史早期
“zhongguo” meant the “central states”
“中国”指“中央的城邦”
or should we say “the united states”, united under a king,
或者说叫作“统一的城邦”，由国王统治。
who was a symbol of this unity,
国王是统一的象征，
and who was not the lord, not the master, not the emperor,
但他不是地主，不是主人，也不是皇帝，
but who was the son, or better if it would be really truthful to Chinese, the child of heaven-“Tianzi”.
按照中国人的说法，他是上天的子嗣，称作“天子”。
This story of the child of heaven and the confederation of China begins at around 2000BC,
大约公元前2000年，中国形成了统一的联邦，出现了“天子”。
already we found bronze implements,
在那时已经有了青铜制品，
already we found exquisite jade，and --------- work
精美的玉器和--------
and already we found the most beautiful Neolithic pottery known in the world.
还有世界上最精美的新石器时代的陶器。
And then Chinese history or mythology has it,
接下来，根据中国历史，或者说是神话，
that there was a man called Great Yu, who did the irrigation works,
出现了一个叫“大禹”的人，治理水患，
who made China suitable for agricultural development.
给中国创造了适合农业发展的环境。
The first king of China was portrayed, this is Rubbin of the stidti,
这是Rubbin画的中国第一位皇帝的画像，
was about 100AD,
大概是公元100年
is the earliest portrait we have of Great Yu.
也是我们现有的最早的关于大禹的画像。
Here he stands, with a shovel in his hand.
他站在那里，手里拿着一把铲子。
That’s the first image of the king of China, a peasant,
中国第一个皇帝的形象，是一个农民
with a typical peasant hat you can still see today.
头上戴着农民式的帽子，我们今天还能看到。
Writing developed during the next dynasty, the Shang or Yin dynasty from 1700BC to 1027BC.
文字是在公元前17世纪至公元前11世纪的商朝或者称作殷商时期出现的。
Here the first forms of Chinese writing,
这就是中国文字最初的形式
were not used to communicate between men,
它最初并不用于人与人之间的交流，
but to communicate between men and the ancestors, the gods.
而是人和他们的祖先，或者说是与神交流。
These are sacred writings, in the hands of those scribes, who knew the secret language of the gods.
这是神圣的文字，写下文字的人也通晓神的语言。
In our Mediterranean cultures, it is the word that begins.
在地中海文化中，最初出现的文字是词。
In China, it was the symbol, the sign, the writing.
而在中国，是象征、是符号。
It was writing who stands at the beginning of culture and also at the beginning of revelation.
处在中国文化的起点和启示的起点上的，正是这种象征和符号。
These oracle bone inscriptions discovered about 107 years ago
这些刻在龟甲上的文字是107年前发现的
have now been deciphered and can be understood.
现在人们已经破译了甲骨文，明白了各种符号的含义。
And they are essentially the same writing that China has today.
甲骨文已经具有了当今汉字的雏形。
If you talk about the unity of Chinese culture and the continuity of Chinese culture,
中国文化的统一性和持续性，
that continuity is writing.
就体现在文字上。
And that is something that we foreigners must bare in mind.
这一点，外国人必须时刻铭记于心。
If we teach Chinese, if we have Chiese classes, Chinese studies in our colleges, universities, writing is of paramount importance.
如果我们在学校、大学里教授中文课程，写作总是最重要的。
Writing is always higher regarded than speech.
写作总是比口语更要受到重视。
Writing developed even more during the next Zhou dynasty,
文字在周朝有了进一步发展。
when China re-begins its classical era.
周朝是在商朝之后的又一个朝代。
Here we find not any longer just writing intended to communicate with supernatural beings
文字不仅是用于人与神之间的交流
but to proclaim royal deeds that are then
还用于记录皇族的宣言
thanks to the incredible craftsmanship, of the ancient bronze artisans of China
那时，中国青铜匠人的工艺技术令人难以置信，
and their technology that also brought the first metallurgic technology and
他们的技术可以说是冶金技术的雏形，
of course the first discovery of iron technology at the very very early date
当然还有出现得很早的铁器技术
more than 1000 yeas before Europe.
比欧洲造了1000年。
We find the melted into the bronze vessels, the first long texts like this one
我们发现这些刻在青铜器皿上的长长的文字
which is in royal proclamation and these same texts
是皇族的公告，同样的文字
now are part of the earliest books in China,
也出现在中国早期的著作中
the Great Classics, for which I will say a few words more in the moment.
也就是“四书五经”，我稍后还会提到。
When writing and technology developed,
随着文字和技术的发展，
also the philosophical speculation for about “the world and the meaning of the world”.
关于“世界和世界本源”的哲学思想也蓬勃发展起来
From the very beginning, there were two main ways of thought:
起初，有两种哲学学说：
the ways of Laozi,
一个是老子的学说
who stressed nature and the philosophy we now called Daoism
强调自然和哲理，就是我们现在说的道教。
and Confucius whose teachings stresses culture and learning
另一个是孔子，强调文化和学习，
and what we now call Confucianism.
也就是我们现在说的儒教。
Of course you know that Confucius were never called himself Confucianism
当然，中国人不会称孔子的学说是“Confucianism”,
because that’s Latin.
因为这是拉丁文。
He was called “Kongzi”,
中国人叫他“孔子”，
this was Latinized by the early western missionaries,
“Confucianism”是西方传教士根据造词法造出来的词
who want to make him one part of our European classical philosophers.
他们希望儒教也是欧洲古典哲学的一部分。
During the following period, writing developed even more.
接下来的一段时期，文字有了进一步发展
We can see that these philosophers talked and
哲学家开始说教
there teachings were transmitted orally.
口头传播他们的思想
But the around the 1500AD, words were put into writing,
但是在公元15世纪，语言变成了文字
on two kinds of supports, on bamboo slips and on silk,
书写在两种东西上：竹片和丝绸
both are expensive and difficult ways of preserving writings.
写在这两种东西上的字迹都不容保存
But the specimens you see have unearthed recently,
但是现在你们看到的样本是最近出土的
in the recent 50 years in China,
大概50年前
and they have revolutionized our knowledge about ancient China and ancient culture.
它们改变了我们对古代中国和古代文化的看法
We are consistently changing.
我们总是在变
Our views too.
我们的观点也在变
Not only China is changing
不仅是中国
but also our understanding of Chinese culture and Chinese history is changing
我们对中国文化和历史的看法也是动态变化的
thanks to the sensational archeological finds.
这些考古发现改变了历史
First the oracle bone inscriptions,
先是刻有文字的龟甲
then the decipherment of the bronze inscriptions
然后是破译了青铜器上的文字
and finally the hundreds of great archeological finds of texts in tombs of the ancient philosophers and ancient histories.
还有在古代哲学家和古墓中找到了成千上万的伟大的考古发现
One very important date in human history is 221BC,
公元前221年是一个非常重要的年代
when China ended up by being united,
中国结束了群雄纷争的时代
not only militarily but also ideologically into one big state.
形成了军事上、政治上统一的国家
It has remained until today with intermittent periods of division,
虽然中国以后也间歇有过分裂的时期
but the unity of China was created
但是中国的统一已经实现
because of the Chinese script and Chinese thought
借助的是中国的著作和思想
and the first emperor used that to unify China politically but also militarily.
中国的第一个皇帝，用思想从军事和政治上统一了中国
And for those of you who are going to Xi’an,
如果你们去过西安
you’ll have the privilege to see I hope the recent archeological find
我想你们一定看到了那个最近巨大的考古发现
of his huge army in this fantastic place with thousands of his warriors
成千上万的地下军队，列阵宏伟，
each individually portrayed, each of these statutes is an individual,
每个人都形态各异
standing there in remembrance of the efforts he took to unify this gigantic empire.
诉说着秦王为实现统一的帝国付出的每一份努力
The Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty is of short duration.
秦朝，中国的第一个朝代，历时不长
But almost as long as the late Roman empire, was the Han dynasty,
但是之后的汉朝，几乎和罗马帝国一样悠久
who really forged China’s unity, in terms of political, administration, culture,
汉朝不仅在政治、军事和文化上
but also ethnic.
还在民族上统一了中国
So the Chinese call themselves today Han, Han people.
所以现在中国人称自己为汉人
And sinology, Chinese studies, are called “Hanxue”.
研究中国的文化叫做“汉学”
That is because of the importance of this period,
这是因为汉朝在中国历史的地位
which is all equal and even greater in many aspects,
在很多方面都比罗马
but as fundamental as Roman empire was for Western history.
在西方历史上的地位还要高
During this period, china expanded,
这一时期，中国进行了扩张
not militarily,
但并不是军事扩张
it expanded in a quite unexpected way for us.
汉朝扩张的方式是我们始料未及的
It expended commercially.
商业的扩张
Because if you look at Chinese history, if you read Chinese history,
如果你了解中国历史
you’ll find much what I’ve said before,
你会对我刚才讲的内容很熟悉
but very little stressed the important fact,
但是大多数学者都忽略了这样一个重要的事实
that China was already in the ancient time,
那就是中国在遥远的古代
an important trading and manufacturing nation.
就已经成为重要的贸易国和制造大国
This road which thank to the peace established by the Han dynasty,
这条由和平带来的丝绸之路，是在汉朝形成的
this road through central Asia and lead to Parsi and Persia
穿过中亚地区，到达帕西和波斯
and then from there to Rome,
然后又到罗马
became the major commercial link between the east and west integrity.
成为促进东西方融合的主要商道
And in the 100BC and also later,
公元前一世界以后
Rome became absolutely wild about Chinese products, especially silk.
罗马疯狂地追求中国的产品 尤其是丝绸
Silk was very much sought after and
丝绸当时备受推崇
really a must for each Roman matron.
已经成为每一个罗马贵族的必备之物
They all had to have their silk dress.
每个人都必须拥有一件丝绸服装
Here you find a fresco, wall painting from haclonain,
这是一幅壁画
portraying a lady dressed in Chinese silk.
画的是一位小姐穿着中国的丝绸
This silk trade almost ruined Rome.
丝绸贸易几乎毁了罗马
It brought it on the brink of bankruptcy
把罗马推向破产的的边缘
because the trade was one-sided.
因为贸易是单向的
China produced and then Rome and
中国只卖，罗马只买
also of course intermedias, Parsi and Persia bought.
当然买家还有intermedias、帕西和波斯
This is a pattern we’ll find time and time again in China’s history.
这种贸易模式在中国历史上还会经常看到
But other important developments took place.
但是除此以外还有另外一个重大发展
China was reinforcing also its fundamental cultural unity by adopting Confucianism as the state doctrine.
中国把儒教作为国教，在文化上的统一得到了加强
The books from ancient times that were left from in inscriptions I just showed you,
刚才向大家展示的刻在青铜器上的文字
they are re-edited and re-modeled into what we called “the five classics”,
被重新编辑，成为我们现在所说的“五经”
which are every bit as important as the western Pentateuch,
它们的重要性相当于摩西五书，
the Torah of the Jews and
犹太人的圣经，
the five books of the ancient, all testaments in Christianity.
基督教的旧约书。
Every young student and every scholar and
每一名学生、学者
all those who aspired at public office
还有那些想谋得一官半职的人
had to learn these classics by heart.
都必须把五经熟读于心
This stands at the heart of Chinese civilization.
这一点可以说是中国文明的核心
The sacred books of China, as they were called by James Lager,
James Lager把五经成为中国人的圣书
who translated them in the 1880s,
并在19世纪八十年代将其翻译成英文
are the canons of Chinese culture and history,
它们是中国文化和历史的圣典
the guide books for wisdom of the ancient sages.
中国古代圣贤的智慧指引
Formerly, as I said already,
我刚才说过 过去
all students have to learn them by heart to qualify for state examinations.
所有的学生要想参加全国考试 就必须把这些书熟记于心
Of course state examinations that go parallel with
当然全国统一考试的出现
the adoption of Confucianism as state doctrine and
是与儒教作为国教
the canonization of the Five Classics.
以及五经作为圣典相辅相成的
This examination system is a revolution itself.
这种考试体系本身就是一种革命
Because for the first time,
历史上第一次
not noble people, where noble man were eligible for office
不再只是贵族才能当官
not just those who had by birth the privilege of serve the state were appointed
命运不再是由一个人的出身决定
but people were recruited on basis of their intelligence, of their insight, of their capacities.
而是由他们的智慧，才能和能力来决定
This imperial examination system that in some ways remains until today
这种皇家科举制度今天还有一定程度的保留
and still in the way that state examinations who qualify the students
国家还是组织统一的考试录取学生
to enroll for instance at this university
比如北大就是这样
called the admiration of western world as soon as we started to know it from the late 16 or 17 century
十六、十七世纪，这种模式传到西方后立即受到西方社会的推崇
on and has inspired the civil service administration in England
英国的公务员行政管理体制就从中借鉴
and the Grand Ecole, the competitive examination for entrance to state colleges in France
法国的国立大学入学考试也是这样
until the present day.
直到今天还是如此
In China, they remain in a way for entrance examinations to the universities,
在中国，大学的入学考试模式也保留着这种考试制度的影子
but the imperial examinations were abolished in 1908.
但是科举制度在1908年废除
Here follows the enumeration of the Five Classics.
这是五经的排序
I show you them because they are so little known today
之所以给大家看是因为现在世人对它们的了解太少
but our Hanban institute that invites me today has the project
但是汉办，也就是要请我来演讲的机构，现在有一个项目
to make new translations in the next two years in English
就是用两年的时间把五经重新翻译
but in other languages, in German, in Spanish in Italian, in Arabic,
不仅是英语，还有德语、西班牙语、意大利语和阿拉伯语
so that the whole world may at last have access to the cannons of Chinese culture.
这样全世界就都能踏上中国文化的方舟
The Five Classics start out with the Odes, the Book of Songs.
五经中第一本为《诗经》
And the first songs, the opening of what can call Chinese Bible,
是中国第一部诗歌总集，中国的《圣经》
or the sacred book of China,
中国的圣书
I don’t know if you have had read them in the beautiful translation of Arthur Willy,
不知道大家有没有读过Arthur Willy的译作
goes back the 1930s,
是在二十世纪三十年代翻译的
but still is very readable today.
但可读性仍然很强
The Book of Odes doesn’t start out with the creation of the world.
《诗经》的开篇讲的并不是创世篇
It didn’t say the beginning or something like that.
并没有讲世界的起源
It started out with love songs with men and women
它以男女之间的情歌开篇
singing their love to each other,
情人互诉爱意
which is another way to look at the beginning of humanity, at the beginning of the world.
这是探寻人类起源、社会起源的另一种视角
You have to switch a little bit.
我们需要转换一下思维
It is not the super natural that made the world.
并不是某种超自然的力量创造了世界
No, we made the world.
是我们人类创造了世界
Man and women made world.
男人和女人
And they made the world through their love.
用爱创造世界
That is the message of the Book of Odes.
这就是《诗经》传达给我们的信息
The Book of Documents has those texts of the earliest state governments
《书经》记录了中国最早的政府公文
and stresses the necessary virtue, the human qualities
并且强调人必须具有哪些美德，哪些素质
that it takes to have the privilege of leading other people.
才有资格去领导别人
But most important and essential, are the Rites, the Li,
五经中最重要的是《礼记》
the books say what you have to learn and what you have to be to become a complex human being.
这本书讲述了人之所以为人，所需要学习和具备的东西
And then of course the fourth book is very well known abroad,
第四本书在国外最为著名
the only one of the Five Classics
也是唯一著名的一本
The Book of Change, Yijing,
《易经》
known in the US especially through the translation of Richard Wilhelm and Benz
这本书由于被Richard Wilhelm和Benz翻译成英文 在美国广泛流传
published by Princeton University
由普林斯顿大学出版

据说销量达50万册
and who has introduced Chinese cosmology, Chinese divination and also Chinese wisdom
这本书将中国的天文，占卜和智慧，
among many many Europeans and Americans.
介绍给很多欧洲人和美国人
Finally the Spring and Autumn,
最后一本是《春秋》
the least known,
也是最不为人熟知的
which is the first history book.
是中国的第一部史书
As the education developed,
随着教育的发展
humanity also responded by making necessary discoveries.
人类也创造出更多的发明
Among the great discoveries, the great invention of China,
在中国的四大发明中
paper stands of course at the very beginning,
纸的发明无疑是最重要的
not really at the beginning,
虽然纸在四大发明中出现的时间并不是最早的
but the most spectacular invention,
但却是最重要的
and the one who has the most influence on human culture in general.
它对整个人类的文化都产生了十分深远的影响
The invention of paper in…
纸的发明……
I didn"t give a date I am very sorry.
对不起，我没有给出确切时间
It’s in the beginning of 200AD
大概在公元200年
when a man called Cai Lun, who was in imperial service,
有一个叫蔡伦的朝廷官员
first used vegetable fiber,
率先用蔬菜的纤维
here you see a picture of how it was done,
这幅图片展示了纸的制作过程
to cook and steamed and made into mash
把纤维煮烂、蒸熟、做成泥
and then spread out on the mats to dry
然后平摊在席上晾干
in order to make readable paper.
干了以后就成了可以写字用的纸
Together we have the development of the four treasures of the Chinese scholar,
与此同时，我们也有了中国文人的“文房四宝”
you may acquire some:
你们自己也可能有
the ink stone, the ink, the brushes and paper.
那就是笔、墨、纸、砚
As a result of the invention of paper, classical studies developed greatly.
纸的发明让古典学说得以迅速发展
The texts were engraved on stone,
文本刻在石板上
you could ink the stone
石板涂上墨
and then put a piece of paper on the inscription
上面覆盖一层纸
and make what we call a rubbin,
这样就形成了我们说的rubbin
that was the first printing,
这就是最早的印刷
the ancestor of our printing.
可以说是当今印刷的祖先
You could reproduce text by making rubbins of stones and inscriptions.
把纸贴在刻字的石头上，就有了rubbin, 就可以一次次复制相同的文本
Later of course China also invented printing.
当然中国之后也的确发明了印刷术
We will come to that in a moment.
我们稍候再讲
But after the fall of great classical empire of the Han,
但是汉朝衰落以后
Confucism went into decline
儒教也随之走向破败
and other part of China, not the scholars,
中国的另一部分群体 不是文人
but the local, the religion of the ordinary people,
而是普通大众
the other side of Chinese philosophy “Daoism”
他们代表了中国哲学的另一个侧面 道教
and created what became China’s organized religion,
道教是中国土生土长的有组织的宗教
Daoism, which is quite different.
是一个十分与众不同的宗教
It is based on self-cultivation,
它强调自我的修为
on the cultivation of medicine of long life
煅炼长生不老的神药
and on meditation.
还要进行静思
And the most symbolmetic symbol of that region
道教最具代表性的东西
is this incense burner,
应该是这个香炉
which you’ll find in every Chinese home
在每个中国家庭
and every Chinese restaurants in US.
美国的任意一个中餐馆都能找到
You’ll find a small corner with an incense burner,
房屋的一角 摆设着一个香炉
some images and some fruits.
几个神像 供奉着一些水果
That is also fundamental in China.
这在中国也是最根本的东西
This incense burner you see here
你们现在看到的这个香炉
has a cover in a form of a mountain.
盖子看起来像一座山
You can sit before it and
你可以坐在它面前
you can make a metal trip towards the imaginary land
心驰神往于幻想之地
where you can roam around freely: xiaoyaoyou.
在那里自由漫步：逍遥游
It was Daoism who gives to China the perception of space.
道教给了中国人宇宙的概念
Its dream space in landscapes,
在梦中的风景遨游
its relation to nature.
与自然亲近
These paintings are supports for this kind of mental excursion,
这些画反映的就是道教的神游
this kind of meditation
一种冥想
when you free your mind and you nourish your spirit
放飞思想 滋润心灵
by free and easy wondering
自由自在的翱翔
it also give rise to the Chinese landscape garden,
这也激发中国人设计了景观园林
which was adopted later in Europe in 17 century.
17世纪，欧洲吸纳了中国的这种设计风格
But on the heels of Daoism
但是紧跟道教而来的是
and preparing the way for something China had not known
当时中国人还不知晓的一个宗教
an organized religion came Buddhism.
fo教
In 350 of our era,
公园350年
north China was conquered by people from central Asia
中国北部被中亚人征服
who are here to Buddhism.
把fo教带入中国
Buddhism had already been developed of course in India and central Asia for many centuries.
fo教在印度、东亚等地发展已有几个世纪之久
It took a long time to come to China.
用了很长时间才传入中国
But when it came,
但是fo教一到中国
it was a great innovation.
就给中国带来了全新的面貌
The new tremendous change
这是与道教全然不同的宗教
And something the Chinese had never seen,
有一种东西中国人从来没有见过
the statute
雕像
They are so common in Greek culture, in Egyptian culture, in Indian culture
虽让雕像在希腊、埃及和印度文化里很常见
But Chinese,
但是对于中国人
that’s one of the main characteristics Chinese art
这也是中国艺术的主要特点之一
Chinese didn’t know any important idol statutes.
中国人从来不知道偶像崇拜
We have the statutes of these soldiers
虽然中国有兵马俑
But they are not to be worshiped
但那并不是用来膜拜的
They do not represent deities
他们也不代表神
Statutes of deities of ancestor is introduced by Buddhism
祖先的神像是由fo教带来的
Buddhism greatly developed
fo教在中国有了很大发展
And its way of how it took over, it was introduced and conquered China
它是外来的宗教 却征服了中国
It’s interesting for us in a way also
我们对这一点很感兴趣
western culture was adopted and conquered China in many ways
因为很多方面，西方文化也被借鉴并影响了中国文化
by translation
通过翻译
The first time Chinese learn foreign languages was
中国人第一次接触外语
when they have to learn sanscrit
And other Indian languages, like Bali and ---
to translate the Buddhist classics
After this period, after this classical empire
这个时期之后
there comes a moment when we Europe are steeped in the so called “dark middle ages”
当欧洲人还处于“黑暗的中世纪”
China has the glorious empire of Tang
中国却进入了辉煌的唐朝
First it was united by a short dynasty called Sui
唐朝之前还有一个比较短暂的朝代 隋朝
And then you have the long Tang dynasty
之后才是历时悠久的唐朝
At that moment, Chinese culture comes to a maturity
中国文化在唐朝已经趋于成熟
You can appreciate it through its art
这一点在艺术上得以反映
The horse painted by one of the famous artist of the Tang period
这幅骏马图为唐朝一位著名画家所绘
Symbolizes at the same time the enormous craftsmanship
显示了当时手工技艺的纯熟
and artistic drawing of art of this period
以及绘画技艺的精湛
And also this horse which comes not from China
这匹马也不是来自中国
but comes from western Asia
而是西亚
it comes from away from Fagana
遥远的Fagana
is a sign of the extension of Chinese culture and
这表明了中国文化的传播
also the extension of Chinese trade rules to these regions
也表明了中国的贸易规则在那些地区的传播
The Tang is really the summit of Chinese culture
唐朝确实是中国文化的鼎盛时期
And we still read with great delight the poem written at that time
唐诗也一直为世人咏颂 流传至今
there are still love poems just as in the Book of Songs
与《诗经》一样 唐朝仍然有描写爱情的诗
as this “River” cherished by Chinese more than anyone else
就像这首《长干行》倍受中国人喜爱
this very simple but very profound
这首诗内容简单而深刻
poem about children who meet when they were very young
说的是两个小孩从小一起长大
and will be married afterwards and have a very happy life
长大以后就要结为夫妇 快乐的生活
While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead
妾发初覆额
I played about the front gate, pulling flowers.
折花门前剧
You came by on bamboo stilts, playing horse
郎骑竹马来
You walked about my seat, playing with blue plums.
绕床弄青梅。
This beautiful translation is by Ezra Pound
这首美丽的唐诗是由爱斯拉•庞德翻译的
People from all over the world then flocked to Xi’an, Chang’an
那时世界各地的人都涌向西安，当时叫长安
and the great figures from that period showed this
数据显示
Persian, Chashcar, Coushan merchant with his fregant hat
-----人带着---帽子，骑着骆驼走进长安
sitting on the camel waving hello while he arrives at the Chinese capital,
向中国人问好
with a lot of merchandise on his saddle.
驼背上满载着货物
The same period was also that China for the first time knew Christianity
在这个时期 中国人也是第一次接触到了基督教
The historian Uranian kind of Christianity came to China and was
这种历史的Uranian式的基督教
preached before it became completely assimilated in China itself
先是由牧师传道 然后才被中国吸收
Now we come to the third period
接下来是第三个时期
Pre-modern and modern China
近代和现代中国
Four important discoveries will forge the destiny of China and the world
四大发明决定了中国和世界的命运
The invention of printing, the invention of magnetic compass,
印刷术 指南针
gun powder and
火药
not to forget tea
当然 别忘了还有茶
Before we talk about tea
在说茶之前
Which might be useful perhaps for you to cut off your jet-lag
也许茶能帮助你们倒一下时差
This is printing
先说印刷术
And what was printed?
印的什么呢
That was of course first of all the classics together with Buddhist scriptures
当然是古代经典和fo经
Like in Europe,
同欧洲一样
printing enabled teaching and learning to spread incredibly
印刷术让教育和学习得以广泛传播
So what had been until then a reserve kind of knowledge and expertise of a very small group
以前知识和技能还只是掌握在少数人手里
Of people who could afford manuscripts, who have the time to transport them
只有有钱、有时间的人才能去买书
Now became absolutely distributed everywhere
现在 书却遍地都是了
Printing allowed every Chinese to have access to knowledge and to learning
印刷术让每个中国人都有机会去学习
The classical books were printed in incredible numbers
这些古代经典被大量印刷
Spread all over the empire
在唐朝任何一个地方都能买到
And now every peasant boy could prepare for the examinations
这样 平民百姓也能参加科举考试了
Creating the famous Chinese success story
于是有了著名的中国式的成功故事
From wrecks to riches
飞黄腾达
That is the theme of so many theatre pieces, so many novels
多少戏剧、小说，也都曾以此为题材
The poor peasant boy who by sheer hard work studying at night under the moonlight
穷困的书生 日夜灯下苦读
Learning by heart the classics
背诵四书五经
Then going up to the examinations
然后进京考试
to became the prime minister of china
后来他成了总理
Not a millionaire
而不是百万富翁
The magnetic compass and also sailing and ship building technology
指南针、航海和造船技术
Allow china to reach out wide over the seas
让中国的足迹走向了遥远的大海
Especially through southeast Asia and way until Africa and Madagascar
从东南亚一直走到非洲和马达加斯加
Here we find this ancient Chinese compasses
这就是中国古代的指南针
that allowed navigators to orient themselves to know where they were
航海家用它们定位
when they are on the high seas
在海上辨别方向
And then of course guns transformed war
当然还有改变了战争模式的火枪
There is a kind of story that likes to say that Chinese invented gun powder
有人说中国人确实是发明了火药
but they only use it for fireworks
但只是用来做烟花的
Sure Chinese fireworks are wonderful
对 中国的烟花很漂亮
It’s a great gift in humanity
这是人类的财富
But we very soon they find also the military use of guns
但是很快人们就发现火药的军事用途
and to transform Chinese warfare tremendously
从此 中国的战争模式发生了巨大变化
Even if gun technology remained rather rudimentary
即使那个时候的造枪技术还处于初级阶段
Politics,rokers were also created in the same period
But let’s talk about tea
现在来说说茶
Why is tea such an enormous invention?
为什么茶也是一个重要发明呢
It’s neglected,
茶的重要性被人们忽略了
My friend and mentor, Joseph Needham,
我的朋友 也是我的导师 Joseph Needham
introduced the notion of four Chinese inventions
给我讲了中国的四大发明
Of course they are many more
当然还有很多其他的发明
Chinese invented a lot of things
中国的发明太多了
But he forgot I think which is the most important one,
但是他却忽略了我认为恰恰是最重要的一个发明
which is tea
茶
What makes tea so important?
茶为什么如此重要
Coming from Europe, I come from a wine and beer drinking background
我来自欧洲，欧洲人都喜欢喝啤酒和红酒
Why beer developed?
啤酒是怎样发明的呢
Because in sedimentary settlements,
在沉积性定居点
that started from the neo-lithic revolution about 10,000BC in Europe
在公元前10世纪新石器时代的欧洲就出现了
The problem was the pollution of water
水的污染成为一个严重问题
Whenever people congregated on a certain place
因为只要是人们聚集在某处
They will soil the environment
人们就会把环境弄脏
and make water very soon undrinkable
水变得不可饮用
Water became dangerous
成了危险的东西
People know that
人们也认识到了这一点
One way to make water drinkable and disinfected,
让水变得可以安全饮用
is to add fermentation, to add alcohol
有一种方法就是加入发酵剂 加入酒精
To fermented with leaves making beer or
植物发酵，就做成了啤酒
with the fermented grapes, making wine
葡萄发酵，就做成了葡萄酒
And mixed with water as peasants still doing -----
So then of course it becomes drinkable
这样 水也就能喝了
But whatever we may like
但是不管我们多喜欢喝酒
We have to acknowledge that drinking a lot of alcohol is not so good for your health
我们都必须承认 酒喝太多了并不好
And it passes on your next generation
还会遗传给下一代
China also was a wine drinking country
中国也曾经是一个饮酒的国家
Then one day someone discovered that
但是有一天，有一个突然发现
By boiling water, you made it, you purified it,
把水煮开可以去掉水中的杂质
you kill germs, you made it drinkable
杀掉细菌 水就变得可以饮用
By adding to boiled water
开水中可以加入一些东西
Tea originally means…“Cha” in modern Chinese
“茶”在近代汉语里的最初的意思
Southern Chinese pronunciation tea of Southern Fujian “dai”
南方人把茶说成“dai”
Under that name it became known to the merchants of Europe who are first in this part of China
欧洲人在福建第一次听说“茶”，就是叫dai
But tea in those regions really means boiled water, kaishui
但是茶最初的意思是“开水”
But you can not add all kinds of herbs, leaves, decoctions
当然 不是随便什么花花草草都可以煮
that have healing properties,
有的有治疗功效，
who have thirst quenching properties, who have stimulating properties
有的解渴，有的可以使人精神兴奋
And you can’t make all kinds of teas
也不是什么东西都可以用来做茶
Tea becomes a refined culture
这样 茶就成了一种高雅文化
It became something that China expert
成了中国人的专长
In the first place it becomes the national drink
首先它成为国人都喜欢的饮品
That does the way with the satisfaction of alcohol
可以带来与酒相同的满足感
One of the reasons china became such very a populous nation
中国人之所以成为一个人口众多的国家
Is because it starts drinking tea
就是因为中国人开始喝茶
One of the reasons Chinese became so important and wealthy
中国之所以变得如此富饶
and expanded so much first in southern Asia then all over the world
幅员辽阔 版图从南亚向世界扩张
was because of tea
就是因为茶
We’ll come back to that
我们稍后再讲原因
Here as the symbol of Chinese culture and Chinese tea culture are the most magnificent tea cups ever made
这是最精美的茶杯，是中国文化和中国茶文化的象征
They are from 10th and 11th century
这些茶具是公元10世纪和11世纪的
They are from the Northern Song period
中国的北宋时期
They were exported; they were taken by Zen monks from Japan
茶具出口到日本，日本的禅僧买下它们
And was used in the Japanese tea ceremony
并在茶道中使用
In Japan, these bowls from northern Fujian;
这些茶碗来自福建北部
They called them in Japan temucu
在日本叫做temucu
Until today, the most surprised national treasures
直到现在，还被视为国宝
During this important period,
在这个重要时期
of what was already some kind of modern China
中国已经出现了近代中国的端倪
Who knew already printing, who knew already guns, who know already high sea navigation
已经拥有了印刷术，制造火药枪支，进行远航
A new market economy took place
同时 新型的市场经济也开始出现
Mutil-cooperation and craft skills developed
开始有了合作公司和新的技术
The Chinese state as time that issued paper money
中国那时开始发行纸币
That did not devalue for 300 years
300以来从未贬值
I yet have to say any European state was capable of doing that
到现在也没有一个欧洲国家能够做到这一点
Merchant banks and check issuing companies flourished
商业银行和支票发行公司蓬勃发展
The state following the Taoist principle of
在道教思想的影响下
Free enterprise and non-intervention actively encouraged trade
中国奉行自由企业和不干涉政策极大的促进了贸易的发展
First China became the first manufacturing
中国第一次成为世界第一的制造大国
and trading nation in the world
和贸易大国
Some place it finds back today
就像现在的中国一样
Also during this period
也是在这一时期
The large Jewish community settled in the capital Kaifeng
大批犹太人在开封定居
Here is the synagogue of Kaifeng
这是开封的犹太教会堂
Of course it’s built in Chinese style
当然了 建筑风格是中式的
And this is one of the famous Kaifeng Torah
这是著名的开封犹太圣经中的一本
The Five Books
地位相当于中国的五经
Jews were never discriminated against in China
犹太人在中国从未受到歧视
They were never persecuted
也从未受到迫害
But they were so much molded into Chinese culture
但是他们几乎被中国文化同化
Except for their own ways of worship
除了保留了朝拜模式
And the continuous reading of their holy books
和自己的圣经以外
They became just Chinese like anyone else
他们同其他的中国人没有什么区别
This great and very refined empire was conquered by Genghis Khan
有着高雅文化的宋朝被成吉思汗所征服
By the Mongols, who conquered the whole then known civilized world
蒙古人打败了当时所有的文明世界
From Korea unto Poland, and the Balkan states
领土从朝鲜半岛到波兰，到巴尔干半岛
They founded Bejing, Peking, the place we are now here today
他们建立了北京城 也就是我们现在身处之地
They founded Peking as the capital of world
北京那时是世界的首都
They founded it, they didn’t live in it
蒙古人建立了北京城 却不在城里住
They don’t want to abandon their yurts
他们舍不得自己的蒙古包
They built beautiful the first imperial palace
尽管建造的宫殿十分华美
The place you’ll visit this afternoon
你们今天下午将要看到的宫殿
Was first built by them
最初是蒙古人修建的
They didn"t want to live in it
但是他们却不住
They just planned their yurts in the middle of Chinese buildings
只是想把蒙古包安插在各殿堂之间
But they liked to create China as the middle kingdom,
但是蒙古人喜欢让中国成为一个统一的帝国
not any longer as a congregation, as the united states,
而不是作为松散的联邦
but as the center of the world, the center of “Tianxia”, of whatever is under heaven
元大都是世界的中心，“天下”万物的中心
Coleridge You may remember wrote this poem
你们或许记得科立芝的这首诗
“In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
忽必烈汗在上都曾经
A stately pleasure dome decree:
下令造一座堂皇的安乐殿堂
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran
这地方有圣河亚fo流奔
Through caverns measureless to man
穿过深不可测的洞
Down to a sunless sea”
直流入不见阳光的海洋
It was imagined by Coleridge
这是科立芝想象的图景
He meant of course Bejing
“上都”指的是北京
This is a model of how the imperial palace looked at that time
这是当时皇宫的模型
Built by Kublai Khan in 1275
由忽必烈在1275年建立
But in fact Xanadu is not the name of Bejing
但事实上上都并不是现在的北京
It is the northern Mongo capital, a bit more to the north
是蒙古北部的首都 比北京往北
But he confounded both
科立芝搞混了
We don’t care,
但是这并不重要
I mean the poem is beautiful and it expresses the fascination of the west with Chinese culture
这首诗意境优美，反映了西方对中国文化的迷恋
So when the Italian merchant Marco Polo in that same period visited China
所以当意大利商人马可波罗来到中国时
He found a place far more technologically advanced than anywhere in western Europe
他看到的是一个技术上遥遥领先于西方的国家
Here you have Marco Polo, an imagined painting of him
这就是马可波罗的画像
and the way he went to China overland
他从陆路进入中国
And returned by the sea route
走水路离开
It rebuilt china and as the symbol of China
它重塑了中国的形象
It rebuilt the Great Wall as the separation that marks the civilization from what is not so civilized in Chinese eyes.
万里长城是文明和非文明分界点
The Great Wall still exits,
长城一直留存至今
the Great Wall you will see today during your visit in China or next time is built by the Ming dynasty,
今天下午大家将要看到的长城是明朝修建的
It’s an incredible feat of technology and of work
这是技术和技艺的壮举
but it’s also something that exits
留存至今的丰功伟绩
Not only in concrete stone and in line
伟大的不仅仅是堆砌起来的石块
but also mentally
更是长城精神
There is a Great Wall of China
中国建筑了万里长城
Should we breach it or should we respect it?
我们应该违背这一点还是尊敬这一点？
I think we should respect it.
我认为我们应该尊敬它
That fact it has not been respected
但是事实并不是如此
This wish of China to remain itself throughout changes
中国希望在变化中保持不变
Is something that is going to influence the history of China
这一点在历史中发挥着重要影响
I am going to talk about it now.
我们现在就来谈谈这一点
The first westerner, foreboder, bringer of good tidings and also less good was Matteo Ricci of the Associate’s “Yesu”, the Jesuit
来自西方的利玛窦，给中国带来好消息和坏消息的耶稣会信徒
He was the first westerner, unlike Marco Polo, who really learned Chinese,
是第一个真正学习古代汉语和古典文化
who learned classical Chinese,
第一个真正接触中国古典文化的西方人
who came to contact with classical culture.
这是他与马可波罗的区别
and who for the first time introduced Confucianism to the west
他还第一次把儒教介绍给了西方
He spent 28 years in China and died in Bejing,
利玛窦在中国生活了28年 在北京去世
where his tombs still can be found
他的坟墓至今仍在北京
Shortly after the visit, the life of Matteo Ricci in China,
利玛窦死后不久
the last dynasty, the Qing dynasty,
就是中国的最后一个朝代 清朝
who not really of Chinese origin,
清朝的建立者并不是中原人士
but of Nvzhen from northern China,
而是中国北部的女真族
we now call them the national minorities,
也就是现在说的少数民族
the Manchus took power and reigned China from 1644 to 1911
满族他们统治着1644年至1911年的中国
This is dynasty marks the beginning of Chinese decline,
清朝标志着中国的衰落
the beginning of foreign encroachment
外国势力的入侵
China was then imposed upon in various ways
中国那时饱受压迫
and has to relinquish part of his sovereignty
被迫要放弃一部分主权
Through the so called unequal treaties
通过签订不平等条约
where foreign powers took but not give anything in return
中国的土地和财产几乎是拱手相让给西方列强
But at the same time this forceful opening of China
但是中国同时也被迫打开了国门
favored the export of Chinese goods to Europe but also to America
中国的商品出口到欧洲和美国
Where people greatly prized Chinese products and manufactured goods
受到高度评价和欢迎
Also at the same time
同时
Chinese culture and science spread to the west
中国的文化和技术也传播到西方
The first book that mentions Confucianism,
第一本提到儒教的书
that really is a treaty on Confucianism is called the Morals of Confucius
《儒家道德》 一本关于儒教的协约
by a Chinese philosopher published in London 1641
是由一位中国哲学家1641年在伦敦出版的
And the great minds of Europe at that day like Leibniz
欧洲伟大的哲学家莱布尼茨
In someway the father of today’s digitalization and computerization
可以说是当代数字化和电脑化之父
was the greatest scientist of his time
也是当时最伟大的科学家
was greatly influenced by Chinese thought, Chinese philosophy
就深受中国思想、中国哲学的影响
Also Europe in a rage adopt Chinese art
欧洲还十分钟爱中国的艺术
In stead of classical gardens, it adopted the Chinese gardens
欧洲的公园是中式的 而不是欧式
This is such a common feature we don’t even think about it
人们甚至都没有注意到这一点
But our garden art is purely Chinese
但是欧洲的园林艺术的确非常中国化
and find its root in the Taoism visions of nature I just showed
并且根植于中国道教对自然的理解
It changed the perception of nature and space fundamentally in the west
它完全改变了西方对自然和宇宙的看法
Here you have the example of the Q gardens,
这是Q公园
the English garden as is later called built in 1762
后来叫做英国公园 1762年建立
But everyone was mad at China,
所有人对中国痴迷
Chinese paper, Chinese wall paper and of course Chinese Ceramics, Chinese porcelain
中国的纸、墙纸、陶器、瓷器
This is a corner of an apartment in Paris, France
这是法国巴黎公寓的一角
decorated in china style, le style chinois in 1770
1770年 装饰成中国风格
And then you have export porcelain
中国那时就出口瓷器
My grandmother still had a cabinet of Chinese porcelain in her home in Holland
我的祖母直到现在在荷兰的家里还保存着一套中国瓷器
Where this kind of porcelain, this plate has the armories of my family,
这套瓷器上有我家庭的徽章
nota which means shipper
nota的意思是货主
This is the Latin translation
这是拉丁语
was made on order “ --- de command ”
这套瓷器是定制的
Made in China in Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province
是在江西景德镇做的
In the 17 and 18 century,
十七、十八世纪
you could write a letter to the east Indian company
你可以写一封给东印度公司
They would take it to China
信会寄到中国
Then it would go to Jingdezhen
到景德镇
Then the Chinese kilns would order your table service of 200 pieces,
然后中国的陶窑会按你的要求烧制整套餐具
with your armories on it
并把家庭的徽章也做在上面
Then they would pack it,
瓷器做好后包装
then they would ship it,
运输
then you would get it back in Amsterdam
然后你会在阿姆斯特丹收到它们
It would take several years
整个过程可能要用几年的时间
but not one piece would be missing
但是一片瓷器都不会少
Every body went about it.
每个人都对此迷恋不已
Kings of France in Versailles did not build the pleasure dome
住在凡尔赛的法国国王没有建造娱乐式的圆屋顶
But they built Chinese gardens and Chinese theme pavilions
而是中国公园和亭子
This was Luise XVI, says: le petite ----in Paris France, you can still see it
这是路易十六，上面写着：法国巴黎
Tea became the world’s rage.
茶也风行世界
Tea clippers raced to bring the new harvest of tea to England and to the US
茶商竞相把丰收的茶叶卖到英国和美国
In every house you’ll find this puter tea canners
每家每户都能见到---
Tea was expensive
茶叶很贵
But everybody drink tea
但是每个人都喝茶
Tea was a big invention, the big thing --
茶是一个很重要的发明
Tea also brought revolution, like the Boston Tea Party
茶带来了革命 比如波士顿倾茶事件
And then finally tea brought war
茶最终带来了战争
The balance of payment was so uneven
国际收支十分不平衡
The story of Rome buying Chinese silk repeated itself in such a cruel way
罗马购买中国丝绸的故事再一次残酷的重演
That the western treasuries were depleted by silvery being paid to China to buy tea
西方的财富都变成白银滚滚流入中国
King George III, put one of his most prized statesmen George Macartney
乔治三世的派自己的亲信George Macartney
to go to China as special ambassador
作为特使遣往中国
and leave no stone unturned and do whatever he took and spending and giving gifts to try to make some kind of agreement with the Chinese where china in exchange for tea would take western goods
让他想尽办法，赠送礼品，不惜一切代价与中国达成协议 希望能用西方的货物交换中国的茶叶
So Macartney brought a royal carriage to Emperor Qianlong,
所以Macartney给乾隆皇帝送去了一车礼物
who said I have no use for such things
但乾隆说这些东西我们都用不着
We Chinese have all we need.
我们中国什么都有了
Our culture is superior and we don’t want your foreign goods
我们的文化优越 不需要外国的货物
So Macatrney, in the secret Memorandum said
这样 在机密备忘录里 Macartney写到：
if you don’t do it, we’ll import opium
如果你们不给我们茶叶 我们就进口鸦片
The opium trade and here it is painted by one of the people of his office,
这幅画的是鸦片贸易 是Macarney办公室的人画的
who escorted him here you see
就是站在他旁边的这一个
Macartney kneeling before emperor Qianlong,
Macarney跪在乾隆皇帝面前
in a completely fruitless undertaking
徒劳无功
So the British started cultivating opium “Bengal”
于是英国人开始种植鸦片
for the purpose of bringing it to China
目的就是卖给中国
In China then opium consumption, smoking opium was already forbidden
那时中国已经明令禁止了吸食鸦片
But that law was not respected
但是并没有得到执行
It really served its purpose from the British and western point of view
在英国人和西方眼中 鸦片贸易的确达到了效果
It dramatically reversed the balance of payment of trade
贸易收支平衡得到扭转
The amount of opium brought into China was approximately 2000 chests per year by1800
1800年 每年销售到中国的鸦片只有2000箱左右
A few years after the mission, the embassy of Macartney
Macartney来中国之后
15 years later that number had risen to 100,000 chests
15年以后 销量达到每年10万箱
The Chinese treasury was drained
中国的财富不断外流
and millions of Chinese became opium addicts
数百万中国人称为瘾君子
Faced with intolerable situation,
面对这种忍无可忍的情况
the Chinese government reinforced the opium prohibition
中国政府加强了禁烟措施
and directed Commissioner Lin Zexu to enforce the ban.
并指派林则徐作为禁烟专员
Lin Zexu seized all opium that was entered into China illegally and burned them
林则徐收缴了所有非法流入中国的鸦片并且进行焚烧
That touched of the first opium war
这成为第一次鸦片战争的导火索
The first opium war ended into the first unequal treaties
第一次鸦片战争之后 中国签订了第一个不平等条约
For instance the linkage of Hong Kong to England as a composition
其中把香港割让给英国就是一部分
In spite of many attempts to turn the tide,
尽管做了很多努力
the Qing dynasty went under through outer aggression to inner risings.
清朝还是陷入了内忧外患
The second opium war brought the western troops into Beijing
第二次鸦片战争中 西方军队进入了京城
where they destroyed quite near from here the western style palace, style of Versailles
摧毁了凡尔赛式的园林 那座园林就离这里不远
To the right you have the originals of the building and
右边这幅是破坏之前的建筑
to the left the ruins that left
左边这幅是战争后的废墟
Other rebellions like the Taiping rebellion,
起义有太平天国革命
the rebellion fought against opium and the polices of the Qing government was defeated
反抗鸦片和清政府政策的起义失败了
As a result of the impoverishment of China and the unstableness of the situation
中国变得贫穷 局势又不稳定
Many Chinese started to immigrate
很多中国人开始移民
They went to the US in great numbers
很多人去了美国
And worked to the building of the American rail roads
在美国当工人 修铁路
Other attacks like the Sino-French war was the most ridiculous of all because
中法战争是所有战争中最愚蠢的
On August 23 in 1884
1884年8月23日
the French destroyed the Chinese fleet at Fuzhou the place where I live that they had initially helped to build
法国人在福州摧毁了他们曾帮助建造的中国舰队，我就住在福州
And then comes the Sino-Japanese war and
然后是中日战争
here you see emperor Mizuhito with his ministers 这是mizuhito(明治？)天皇和他的大臣
all dressed in western clothes planning how to attack China
全都穿着西方的服饰 计划攻击中国
But in the mean time, a new tide was coming in China
同时 中国也出现了新的发展方向
And the lead of China, the Confucianism scholars
中国的领军人物 儒家学派
Like Kang Youwei you see here
比如康有为
thought about the plight of the nation and how it could be saved from destruction
目睹国民苦难 思索救国良策
He befriended the young emperor Guangxu
他是年轻皇帝光绪的好朋友
And persuaded him to adopt series of revolutionary decrees for the modernization of China
劝说皇帝接受一系列变法措施
during the hundred days of reform
也就是“百日维新”
following the defeat of China by Japan之后中日战争中中国战败His efforts were then blocked by the empress dowager “Cixi”
慈禧太后不支持变法
It came to nothing
百日维新最终失败
But after the second opium war and
但是第二次鸦片战争后
especially the defeat of the Taiping rebellion you see here
尤其是太平天国起义失败后
Great privileges had been granted to western missionaries
西方传教士获得了更多的特权
and the Chinese peasants rose up against that in so called “Box of Rising” of 1900,
1990年，由中国农民组成的“义和团”起义
which gave again the western powers the pretext to interference with China
给了西方列强又一个干涉中国的借口
and to launch another military expedition
开始了新一轮的军事攻击
Here you see the western troops entering into the imperial palace in Beijing in 1901
这是1901年西方军队进入北京故宫
In 1912, China became a republic
1912年 中华民国成立
From then on it stroke to take its place within the nations of the world
从此 中国开始努力恢复在世界上的地位
One of the first attempts that were made was to join in the allies in the first world war.
所作的努力包括在一战中加入协约国
In 1917, China became the member of allied triple entente
1917年，中国加入协约国集团
on the condition that an end would be made to these unequal treaties at least for Germany.
条件是至少终止于德国签订的不平等条约
At end of the war, if the war were successful,
战争结束后 如果协约国获胜
the German possessions in China would be returned to China
德国侵占中国的领土将归还给中国
That year in 1917, 140,000 Chinese were sent to France as labor corps,
1917年，14万华工被派到法国
they dig trenches, many died in France
挖战壕 很多人就死在法国
But when the war was over,
但是战争结束后
the Versailles treaties sealed the agreements between the allied nations and Germany,
《凡尔赛和约》让协约国和德国之间达成了协议
the German possessions were not returned to China but given to Japan
德国侵占的中国领土 没有还给中国 而是给了日本
That was something that China could not admit, could not condole
这一点是中国绝对不能容忍 不能接受的
So here the very important date in modern Chinese history
所以 在中国历史上重要的一天
May 4, 1919, a few days after the conclusion of Versailles Treaty
1919年5月4日 就在《凡尔赛和约》签订的几天后
Students of this university staged spontaneously a demonstration on the Ti’anmen place
就是这所大学的学生 在天安门广场举行了示威游行
to protest against what had been done
对做出的决定表示抗议
and how China had been spoiled his rightful claim of the German possessions in Shandong and his own sovereignty.
对中国的合理要求和主权遭到践踏表示不满 要求德国将中国在胶东半岛的主权归还中国
This movement sparked a whole nation wide movement of national renewal and national reconstruction.
这次运动在全国范围内掀起了复兴和重建的高潮
The second Chinese Japanese war took place from July 7 1937 to September 9 1949
第二次中日战争是1937年7月7日至1949年9月9日
It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century
这是二十世纪亚洲规模最大的战争
The war is known in China as the “Kangzhan”
中国把它叫做“抗战”
First of all until 1941, China fought alone
1941年以前，一直是中国孤军奋战
But after Pearl Harbor,
但是 珍珠港战役后
the war against Japan became a part of the allied course
同盟国也加入抗日战争
After the Kangzhan, the Chinese communist party, who took an important role in fighting against Japanese, took over power, and the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1 1949.
中国共产党在抗战中起到了重要作用 抗日战争胜利后 中国共产党建立政权 并且在1949年10月1日宣布中华人民共和国成立
This classical historical picture of Chairman Mao Zedong proclaiming the founding of the People’s Republic of China is known to all Chinese.
这是毛泽东主席宣布中华人民共和国成立的照片 每个中国人都很熟悉
The Chinese has stood up.
中国人民站起来了
The nation integrity was recovered
国家主权得以恢复
Here we have the historical date in 1997,
这是1997年 历史性的一天
the day Hong Kong was united with mother land
中国香港终于回归母亲的怀抱
I have come almost to the end of my talk
我的讲座到这里也基本结束了

I just want to take you a very short excursion to the place you are going to see this afternoon
我还想再给你们讲讲你们今天下午将要去看的宫殿
The imperial palace
故宫
You will enter here through this historical place
你们将会从这个历史性的地点进入故宫
Where the People’s Republic was proclaimed
在这里 中国人民共和国宣告成立
Where the demonstration of 4 May also took place
在这里 “五四运动”示威游行
Where the boxer rebellion was fought
在这里 义和团义士抛洒鲜血
The Ti’anmen
这就是天安门
You’ll go in through this vast building
然后您们就走进了巨大的殿堂
Which is called the “old palace”, “gugong”
故宫
Which is still built on the same model as the imperial palace of Kublai Khan as the centre of world
还是在忽必烈建立的“世界的中心”的基础上建立的
You will see this grandeurse stage of Chinese culture splendor
在这个中华文化的璀璨舞台上
But you will see no cannons
没有大炮
You will see no military display
也没有军队
You will see very simple, beautiful and grandeurse architecture
你看到的是简洁、壮丽、庄严的建筑
Of course compared to the Versailles Palace or the Louvre Palace or the White House
当然我是说跟凡尔赛宫、卢浮宫和白宫比
I mean the Imperial Palace of Beijing is absolutely incomparable
这些宫殿根比无法和故宫比拟
It’s so big
故宫很大
Please put on good shoes this afternoon
下午一定要穿上舒服的鞋子
It’s enormous and you will only see a small part of it
故宫太大了 今天下午大家只能欣赏一部分
It’s grandeurse but at the same time very simple
它庄严而简洁
It was until 1911 the residence of the son of heaven
1991年之前一直是天子的居住的地方
It was imperial without being imperialistic
它有着皇家气派却并不显得帝国专制
It was stern without guns
严肃但没有枪炮
Beautiful but without luxury
华美但不奢华
grand and yet human
宏伟壮丽又不失人性
The old palace was intended for the great rites and ceremonies of the Chinese state
故宫本来中国进行盛大仪式和典礼的地方
this always remained based on the Chinese classics
根据中国传统一直保留
so it looks outside very Confucian
所以它外表看起来很儒家
But in fact, in the innermost recess of the palace
但事实上，在宫殿的最深处
There is this room where the most important decisions of the state were taken
有一个房间 最重要的国家决策在那里制定
Here we see an inscription above the tomb
这块墓碑上写着
Which says “do nothing”
“无为”
A Taoist precept “wuwei”
是道教的告诫
Do not interfere against nature and all will be in order
不要打乱自然的秩序 一切都会恢复正常
Or even more clearly
或者说的更明白一点
Adapt to the circumstances
随遇而安
And also a little known fact
还有一点知道的人并不多
That at the very summit, the very apex to the utmost north place
在故宫的最北端
The most noble place in the imperial palace
故宫里最神圣的地方
There is a Taoist temple
是一座道观
It’s called the Taoist Temple of Imperial Peace, Qinangong
叫做
Because indeed between the two main ways of thoughts in China
确实 在中国的两种主要哲学思想中
There is a higher king
都存在着一个更高的王
Confucius is the disciple of Laozi
孔子是老子的门徒
Culture is the disciple of nature
文化是自然的门徒
Natura antes agister
Together the union of culture and the union of nature
文化的统一和自然的统一
make the heaven and man,
让天和人
Heaven standing for nature
天就是自然
The natural order are united
实现了天人合一
Together they comminute in the cosmic principle of –---yin and yang principle
Because everything always changes
因为万物在变
Taoism in Chinese culture stresses adaptation
中国文化的道教强调的是适应
The highest good is to be like water
上善若水
Confucianism stresses learning
儒教重视的是学习
To study and to ever possible apply what you’ve learned is the source of joy is
学而时习乎 不亦乐乎
The first sentence of Confucian Analects
是《论语》的开篇语
Today everywhere in the world people learn Chinese
现在 世界各地的人都在积极学习汉语
Chinese food, Chinese medicine and Chinese self-cultivation practice are welcomed everywhere
中餐、中医和中国的修身养性之道为世界各地所欢迎
Here is a picture in London
这是在伦敦
People start practicing Taijiquan
人们开始练习太极拳
My conclusion is that
我的结论是
culture exchange brings culture development
文化交流带来文化发展
And only when we are willing to learn from each other
只有我们都愿意相互学习
Can humanity enjoy peaceful progress
人类才能实现和平进步
Thank you very much
非常感谢大家
Thank you, thank you
thank you，thank you very much.
谢谢，谢谢，谢谢，非常感谢
I am very sorry I’ve been to long
抱歉我讲的时间太长了
But just like you I am suffering from jet lag
但是我跟大家一样 时差还没调过来呢
I am just back from Europe.
我刚从欧洲回来
I am just a bit slow
反应还有点慢
I had a lot to say
我有很多东西都想讲
I am sorry
实在抱歉
If you feel drowsy and feel like sleeping
如果你们觉得昏昏欲睡
You are perfectly excused
那完全不是你们的错
But I hope the organizers will allow us a few minutes more
但是我仍然希望组织方能再给我们几分钟的时间
Because I very much look forward to hearing a little bit from you too
因为我非常想听一听你们的意见
This may be the one moment in your trip
现在 是我们畅游中国文化的旅途中
that we can have a discussion with Chinese friends through me or directly
大家能够与通过我与中国朋友交流 或者直接交流的时候
So to whom I gave the word first?
那谁第一个说呢
Who wants to say something?
谁想发表一下看法
Thank you
谢谢
First of all, I"d like to thank you for sharing your words with us
首先 感谢您与我们分享您的观点
Whether you are new to the history or not
不管原先我们是否了解中国历史
Your scholarly wisdom and scholarship have certainly enriched my understanding about China
您的智慧和学识大大加深了我对中国文化的理解
For that I thank you
我对此表示由衷的感谢

I just finished Simon Winchester’s delightful book,
我刚刚读完Simon Winchester的引人入胜书
the man who love China
书名叫《爱上中国的男人》
Which is very much like the story your friend and mentor as you described Joseph Needham
他的经历跟您的导师和朋友Joseph Needham很像
And his life long love of China and his research and scholarship here
书中讲了他对中国的长久的热爱以及他的研究和学问
From my academic perspective
从我的学术观点来看
Much of that book dwells on the question as to
这本书大部分是在探讨
why China over the last 400 or 500 years sort of lost its reputation, lost its way with regard to innovation
为什么中国在过去四五百年中，丧失了世界大国的地位，没能走上创新的道路
Much of the earlier story chronicles the amazing innovation,
中国早期的历史 有令人惊叹的发明
innovative history here in China in medicine, science and engineering
不管是机器、科学还是工程，都显示着创新
But then prior to the last 30 years
但是过去三十年以前的中国
China seemed to have gone into a slumber
中国似乎沉睡了
At least that is the thesis of the book
至少这本书是这样讲的
I am gathering from your commentary here today
从您今天的演讲中
that you believe much of that slumber or the period of decline
我觉得您认为中国的沉睡，或者说中国的衰落
might have been a result of foreign aggression and subjugation
是由于外国势力的入侵和掌控
Is that fair to say that if not
那么是不是可以说 如果没有入侵
why did the innovation seem to shift over the last 400 or 500 years to Europe and the new world away from China?
为什么过去四、五百年 创新的中心从中国转向了欧洲和其他新兴的地区？
Well, thank you very much for this question.
感谢你的提问
I can’t say I was looking forward to it but I am very happy
我其实没想到会有这样的问题 但是还是很高兴有人这样问
I of course have no clear answer
我没有确切的答案
But someone I respect very much
但是有一位我很尊敬的人
And have been a far closer collaborator than Joseph Needham
我跟他的合作关系比Joseph Needham还有亲密
is Nathan Steven
他就是Nathan Steven
Now working at the University of Pennsylvania
现在在宾夕法尼亚大学教书
He is still teaching although he has reached retirement age
尽管已经过了退休的年龄 但还是在教学
He has written very insightful responses to Needham’s famous question:
他对Needham著名的问题做了出色的解答
Why didn’t the scientific revolution take place in China or did it?
为什么中国没有发生科学技术的革命，或者说革命已经发生了？
Because in fact it’s far more complicated
因为事实情况非常复杂
Sure imperial decline,
帝国的衰落
that fact that the power of China was taken over by the Manchu
中国的政权为满清掌握
who had not this high civilization background at the end of Ming
他们的文化水平还远远达不到明末汉人的水平
but was very much against it
也十分抵制文化
was very important
这一点对科学的创新来说有很大影响
the fact that Joseph Needham often says that
Joseph Needham经常说
when you want to make a career in China,
那时若想实现你的宏图之志
unlike the Ming dynasty
与明朝不同
to be proficient, to be knowledgeable and to be innovative in technical and or scientific ways wasn’t answered any more
明朝所重视的科技上的精通熟练、创新发明已经不管用了
only the more fundamentalistic knowledge of the classics,
只有諳知四书五经
the reciting of the classics, the writing of classical Chinese
会背诵经典 会写八股文
the literally skills opened the way to the office, to coming ahead and getting ahead in life
只有具备写文章的本领才能高中头榜 升官发财
that was major the discouragement for the fine arts spirits of the nation
这一点大大打击了一个国家追求创新的精神
this is of course a message we have to ponder on
这个观点确实值得我们思索
but it didn’t say,
但是 Nathan Steven并没有说
and that is Nathan Steven’s brilliance
这也是他聪明的地方
It didn’t say that Chinese had any inherent or hereditary or linguistic
他没有说中国有一种内在的、遗传的或者说语言上问题
Because some people pretend that that is the question of language
因为有人觉得中国科技的落后是由于语言造成的
In Chinese language you could not think logically and so on
汉语不利于思考逻辑等等
Nonsense of course
当然是一派胡言
In fact this university now boosts so many Noble Prize winners
我们看看北京大学出了多少诺贝尔奖
It is of course already an approval
这种说法就不攻自破了
But what is more interesting is that
但是有趣的是
when the western science was introduced
当西方的科学引入中国
First of all by Matteo Ricci who brought Euclidian mathematics to China and translated it
首先是利玛窦将欧几里的《几何原本》翻译成中文介绍给中国
That is extremely welcomed by the Chinese as well as western astronomy
中国人像西方天文学家一样欢迎这本书
Very soon they were better than their European mentors
很快 他们在这方面就超过了欧洲
And not only they were better than the mentors
不仅是学生超过了老师
But they made a very important distinction
中国还指出了一个重要区别
Because if you read Matteo Ricci’s introduction to Euclid
利玛窦介绍欧几里德时说
He says Euclid shows that the God is the great mathematician
欧几里德说上帝是一个伟大的数学家
The great geometry
伟大的几何学家
He planned the world
上帝设计了世界
He kind of mixed his own theology with what we call, well, just science
他把自己的神学和我们所谓的科学混淆在了一起
And the Chinese immediately saw through that
中国人很快就看透了这一点
They said he is trying to amalgamate two things that are both respectful
说利玛窦把两种都十分让人尊敬的东西混淆在了一起
They didn’t disparage religion, no
中国人没有蔑视宗教
But they said you can’t mix these things
只是说不能把两种混为一谈
One is a matter of believe
一种是信仰
And the other one is a question of demonstration of ---- thinking
一种是思想的表现
When Ricci still was in China
利玛窦还在中国时
The thinker from southern China
中国南方的思想家
Lizhi, in Quanzhou
泉州的李贽
Wrote already famous commentary and said
就写了著名的评论
This is fine
这样很好

He brings all the science
他带来了科学
We very much welcome it
我们十分欢迎
But the other thing you know
但是也带来了其他东西
Is not that I don’t like it
并不是我不喜欢
It’s interesting, Adam and Eve, and the creation of the world
故事当然十分有趣 亚当、夏娃、创世纪
But we heard that already from the Arabs
但是我们从阿拉伯人那里已经听说了
We know that
我们知道这样的故事
That’s some other way of thinking
这是另外一种思维方式
That is something not the same
是与科学不一样的东西
He made the clear distinction
李贽把科学和宗教分开
So they did something at that time in Europe no one except for Galileo perhaps, was able to say publicly
在欧洲，除了伽利略，没有一个人敢公开这样说
So this is one of the many questions
这只是其中一个问题
And I think today…and sorry we won’t say the last word about it
今天就不全部讲了
Anyway, thanks for you
谢谢你的提问
Any other questions?
还有其他问题吗？
Thank you very much for your lecture
感谢您的讲座
I enjoyed it immensely
我十分喜欢
This is not a question but I heard tea became very popular among the Zen monks
我听说茶受日本禅僧的欢迎
because the caffeine content helped the Zen monks to endure the long chants
是因为茶里的咖啡因可以让他们念经
And especially the meditation.
尤其是打坐时
They are not supposed to sleep
不打瞌睡
So kind of ----between tea and Zen monks
That’s one thing I heard
这是我听来的故事
My question is that sometimes Confucius teaching is considered as a religion
我的问题是有时人们把儒教当成一种宗教
And sometimes it is considered as a philosophy
有时是一种哲学
I am not playing the terminology, the semantics game here
我在这里并不是玩文字游戏
Is it really a religion or is it a philosophy
儒教到底应该是宗教还是哲学呢
How it is considered in today’s Chinese teaching?
中国现在怎么看待这个问题
Well thank you very much
非常感谢
It’s a very important question
这是一个重要的问题
My friend Du Weiming from Harvard university
我的朋友 哈fo大学的杜维明
who is following the footsteps of Kang Youwei,
跟康有为一样也是儒学家
I showed him in our power point presentation
刚才大家在幻灯片里见过康有为
These are modern Confucius scholars who think that China should have a national religion again
有一些现代的儒学家认为中国应该重新设立一个国教
And Confucianism is the answer
这个国教就是儒教
I respect their endeavors
我欣赏他们的努力
I wonder if it is realistic to think so
但是认为这并不现实
Perhaps I am a bit more conservative
也许我比较保守
I don’t think it’s completely doing what be called Confucianism
我认为这完全超出了儒教的应有之义
The thought of Kongzi as we know it as we can understand it through many versions of west sayings and commentaries
现在我们从西方著作和评论中了解到的孔子的思想
I don’t think it’s using justice to something very fundamental in China
并不能反映中国的本质
As I said, the Five Classics who are supposed to be the foundation,
我说过 五经被认为是中国的基础
the Torah, the meshina of Confucian, that is the commentary elaboration,
是圣经-----，这是评论界的解释
where all considered just as our own Pentateuch with the rites, with ritual, with worship, with sacrifice
认为像我们的摩西五书一样，有仪式，有膜拜，有祭祀
What Kongzi did was to elaborate a system of thought
孔子阐释的是思想体系
An explanation giving meaning to this religious form of the worship, behavior and so on
他让所有的宗教仪式、行为都有了意义
He gave a new meaning to it
而且是赋予了新的意义
And the new meaning was that it all meant that you have to be a good person
那就是所有的宗教形式都是让你去做一个好人
You should behave morally
人要做一个有道德的人
That the state should not abuse its power
国家不能滥用其权力
That we should love each other and help each other
人与人之间要互相友爱 相互帮助
That is the elaboration on the basis of religious practice
这是在宗教行为基础上的阐释
Much as in early philosophy like Decart
很像Decart这样的早期哲学
Based his logical system on a theological background
把自身的逻辑体系建立在神学背景上
We see the same thing very early in China
中国很早以前就出现了这种情形
From the background of theological thought
在神学思想的背景下
A philosophy was born
哲学诞生了
Is it a philosophy?
真的是哲学吗？
Is it just wisdom, sageliness?
还是仅仅是智慧、圣贤
I don’t think we should be subjective
我想我们应该避免主观
There is some very philosophical way of thinking there
确实有非常明显的哲学思维方式
And it’s absolutely clear that Confucius himself,
而且孔子本人
and that you can make up for anything that happened,
你可以随便找一个事例
made a clear distinction between the practice of religion and his own thought system
也把宗教行为和自己的思想体系做了明显的区分
So therefore
因此
Thanking you for your question
我要感谢你问了这个问题
I really think Confucianism is a philosophy
我认为儒教是一种哲学
Thank you for your class today
谢谢您的讲座
Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
现在很多美国人认为中国将不可避免的崛起为世界强国
First you see the future of China
看到了中国未来发展的方向
And then what are the major challenges China have negotiate to get there
您认为中国在发展过程中有哪些主要挑战？
What are the circumstance that might interfere with China eventually achieving that position
哪些因素会阻碍中国实现它的目标？
I am sorry you have to repeat because the resonance here is very hard under this roof it didn’t come over so could you reform it once more please?
对不起 请重复一下你的问题 回音太重我没有听清楚 您能在讲一遍吗？
Many people in American see China rising naturally and inevitably to the position as dominate world power
现在很多美国人认为中国将不可避免的崛起为世界强国
Do you see that as the future of China?
您认为是这样吗
And what are the major challenges of China would have to negotiate
中国在发展过程中有哪些主要挑战？
And what circumstance might interfere with China rising to that dominate world power
哪些因素会阻碍中国实现它的目标？
Yes, thank you very much
好的 谢谢
We see a rival in the world nowadays of what 100 years ago was called the yellow parrel
我们现在的对手 一百年前叫做------
There is some kind of idea
有人会想
Wow what’s going to happen?
哇 将会发生什么
In France there was a statesman called Rouge Palfe
法国有一个政客叫Rouge Palfe
I don’t know if he has been much translated into English
我不知道是否有英文译本
He wrote one book after the other when China stirs, the world will change when China wakens
他写了很多书 说中国觉醒后 世界会发生变化
Napodium has said that too you know
Napodium也这样说过
There’s some myth
现在存在一些误读
There’s some great myth
很大的误读
One is the myth that China is a big market
第一个是认为中国是一个很大的市场
you just have to walk into and you sell you stuff and you get rich over night
来到中国 卖出东西 你就能一夜暴富
Well, it isn’t that easy you know
当然 这可不是那么容易的
China is a big market
中国是一个大市场
for people who know Chinese
但那是对懂中文的人来说
I don’t just think the language, but also the culture, and the people of China
我指的并不仅仅是语言 还包括文化和人文
People of China are not to be urged to rob
中国人不会---
and to manufacture goods for our sake
更不对为了我们生产东西
They are right to produce things they are also useful for them
他们当然有权利生产对自己有用的东西
I am sorry for saying that
请原谅我这样说
There are things we have to learn still after all these things
经历了很多之后 我们还有许多东西需要学习
The other myth is that China repents danger
另外一个误读是 中国是威胁
I don’t talk about ancient China
我说的不是古代中国
2000 years before it became imperial state
2000年前中国就是一个帝国了
But I have shown you the pictures of t he Imperial Palace
但是我给大家看了故宫的图片
Is that a place of violence?
这是一个充满暴力的地方吗
Is that a place of aggression?
这是一个让你感受到侵略的地方吗
Is that a place stolen or conquering?
这是偷来的东西或是战利品吗
No
都不是
There is a Chinese way of expansion
中国有自己扩张的方式
It is misunderstood
这种方式被误解了
When I talked about all those Chinese restaurants and all those Chinese students
我提到的那些在国外的中国餐馆和中国学生
People are talking about the Chinese Diaspora
人们把他们说成是流落他乡
Right?
对吗
Well, get that notion of mine please
请大家不要误解我的意思
When you have the Diaspora, like the Jews
我们说到犹太人的出埃及记
You have lost your country
犹太人丧失了自己的国家
But the Chinese in the United States or in Canada
但是在美国或加拿大的中国人
They are now so predominant in Vancouver or somewhere else
在温哥华等地华人非常多
Anywhere in the world
不管在哪儿
They haven’t lost their country
他们都没有失去自己的国家
They are part of global expansion
他们全球扩张的一部分
but in a different way from our capitalist expansion
但与我们帝国主义的扩张不同
Our capitalist expansion from our cooperation is from above
帝国主义的扩张是自上而下的
Investing a lot of money,
投资很多钱
sending high paid people patriots who need their purse their houses their special schools and all that
给那些为金钱、为房子、为了孩子上好学校的人付以高薪
Cost a lot of money
成本非常高
Is it effective?
但是有效吗
Not really
不见得
The Chinese expansion is the Buddhist expansion
中国的扩张是fo教式的扩张
It’s from the under world
是自下而上的
It’s the poor guy
是穷人进行的
Who says may I come in
我能在这里工作吗
Nothing to eat at home
家里没吃的了
My mother is hungry
老母亲还在挨饿
I come and earn little money sent back home please
我想挣一点钱寄给家里
Ok, then he comes.
好 然后他就工作了
He does all the work others perhaps didn’t want to do like building those rail roads and did it very well
做的都是别人不愿意做的活 比如修铁路
They stand until today
他们今天仍然有立足之地
They work as very skilled workers Those Chinese worked on the American railroads
那些在美国修铁路的华工 成了熟练的技术工人
And then they sent their children to school
然后他们就有钱送孩子去上学
And then they built, they come up from above
他们有了基础 可以社会上层发展
That is kind of peaceful expansion
这是一种和平的扩张
I think we should all welcome
我想我们都应该欢迎
And together they bring culture
他们也带来了文化
They bring food culture to the Unites States
他们给美国带来了饮食文化
Was about time perhaps
假以时日
They bring another food culture, another way of eating
就会有一种新的饮食文化 另外一种饮食方式
It’s good for you
对大家身体有益
Ok, shall we call it a day?
我们今天就讲到这里吧
Thanks a lot!
非常感谢！
And have a good time in China!
希望大家在中国玩的愉快
Do not hesitate to write to me
可以写信给我
My email address is on the internet site of the Hanban
我的电子邮箱在汉办的网页上
So if you have any questions
有问题的话写信给我
Do not hesitate to write I will be glad to answer
我非常乐意解答
Thank you
谢谢
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施舟人教授简历 (Kristofer Schipper)

工作经历：
  1962-1970年:法国远东研究院(EFEO)研究员，台湾中央研究院访问学者；
  1971-2001年: 法国高等研究院(EPHE)教授；
  1993-1999年: 荷兰国立莱顿大学(LEIDEN)中国史讲座教授；
  2001年至今: 在福州大学创办西观藏书楼。

学历：
1954-58年: 巴黎东方语言大学(INALCO)中文专业；
1958-62 年: 法国高等研究院(EPHE)汉学博士；
1983年: 获法国国家文学博士(Doctorat d"Etat ès Lettres)。

职务与荣衔：
  法国国家科技中心(CNRS)东方学主任委员；
  法兰西科学院汉学研究所所长；
  荷兰国立莱顿大学汉学院院长；
  2003：中国福建省友谊奖；
  2004: 法国荣誉骑士勋位；
  2004：中国人民共和国友谊奖；
  2008：”感动中国”国际友人之一。

主要学术成就与代表作：
  1960年代在台湾从事八年的田野调查后，应聘在法国高等研究院从事中国宗教史教学与研究，并于1970年代在巴黎发起成立了欧洲汉学协会，组织了当时欧洲汉学界最大的学术项目”道藏通考”。1979年起与中国大陆学术界建立联系，与北京大学侯仁之教授、中国社科院徐萍芳教授等共同组织了”圣城北京”国际汉学合作项目。受业博士弟子在欧美、中国大陆港台二十多所高等院校或研究机构担任汉学教职或负责人。

主要学术著作：
  《道体论》，原著法文，有英、荷、日、意等文本。
  《道藏通考》，原著英文，美国芝加哥大学出版社出版。
  《庄子》、《老子》、《论语》荷兰文译本，由荷兰Augustus出版社出版。另有《汉武帝内传研究》、《中国文化基因库》等汉学论著十多种、论文近百篇。

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施舟人教授介绍(法文)
Kristofer Schipper
Diplômé de l"EPHE, 5e section (1962), licencié de chinois à la faculté des lettres de Paris (1961), diplômé de l"École des langues orientales (chinois, 1958 ; japonais, 1960) et ancien élève de l"École du Louvre (1957-1958), Kristofer Schipper est membre de l"EFEO de 1962 à 1972 et affecté à Taiwan de 1962 à 1970, pour y établir la première antenne sinologique. Il quitte l"École pour devenir directeur d"études des religions de la Chine à l"EPHE, Ve section (1973). Par la suite, il est de nouveau envoyé pour une courte mission par l"EFEO à Taiwan, en 1974, afin de recueillir des documents et veiller sur les travaux d"impression en cours. Il est docteur d"Etat ès lettres en 1983.
Formé par Rolf A. Stein et Max Kaltenmark, il est spécialiste de l"histoire du taoïsme. Dès son arrivée à Taiwan, il découvre ce que J. J M. De Groot avait subrepticement évoqué un siècle plus tôt : la religion taoïste vivante. Pour appronfondir cet aspect, honni à l"époque par les intellectuels chinois et ignoré de leurs collègues occidentaux, il suit lui-même une initiation de maître taoïste, qui aboutira en 1968 à son ordination. Grâce à cette « observation participante » avant la lettre, il mène des enquêtes sur l"une des dernières églises vivantes du taoïsme et réunit une masse considérable de documents originaux et de renseignements de première main. Désireux de guider les futurs chercheurs dans les labyrinthes du taoïsme, il dirige parallèlement l"établissement d"index d"ouvres taoïstes classiques. Résultat de son expérience de terrain et de son savoir, son ouvre majeure, Le Corps taoïste, décrit et analyse la manière dont le corps social (les participants aux rituels communautaires), le corps physique (celui de l"adepte pratiquant l"alchimie intérieure) et le corps cosmique (le corps comme macrocosme) sont imbriqués. Ses plus récentes recherches l"ont amené à s"intéresser de très près aux structures liturgiques de la ville de Pékin, dont les résultats paraissent, numéro après numéro, dans la revue qu"il a fondée en 1997, Sanjiao wenxian. Matériaux pour l"étude de la religion chinoise (Paris/Leyde, École pratique des hautes études/Center for Non-Western Studies).
Fondateur et directeur du Centre de documentation et d"étude du taoïsme de l"EPHE, il a été également directeur de l"Institut des hautes études chinoises du Collège de France (1987-1992), directeur du projet Tao-tsang, qui doit prochainement aboutir dans la publication, en collaboration avec Franciscus Verellen, de The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang. Il a été par ailleurs responsable de deux groupes de recherche du CNRS : « Bibliographie taoïste » (1979-1985) et « Pékin ville sainte » (1996-1999).
(Né à Järnskog (Pays-Bas), 1934.
Membre de l"EFEO de 1962 à 1972.)


Publications
1965
L"empereur Wou des Han dans la légende taoïste, Han-wou-ti nei-tchouan, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 58).
1965
Concordance du Pao-p"ou-tseu nei-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1970
Concordance du Pao-p"ou-tseu wai-pien, Paris, IHEC.
1975
Concordance du Tao-Tsang : titres des ouvrages, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 102).
1975
Le Fen-teng, rituel taoïste, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 103).
1975
Concordance du Houan-T"ing, Nei-King et Wai-King, Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 104).
1981-82
Index du Yunji Qiqian, vol. 1 : Traits 1-8, vol. 2 : Traits 9-33. Paris, EFEO (PEFEO, 131).
1982
Le corps taoïste - corps physique, corps social, Paris, Fayard.
2005
The Taoist Canon: A historical compendium to the Daozang, (éd. avec F. Verellen), Chicago, University Of Chicago Press.
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Schipper Kristofer Marinus