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您现在的位置: 医学全在线 > 医学英语 > 英语教学 > 英文病历 > 正文:英文病历全攻略(二)-病历与时态
    

如何写英文病历-病历与时态

二、病历与时态
1.现症历(present illness):
1)A.现在式:表示一般的真理、职业、人格、习惯和现在的事实、动作或状态。
例1:Sedentary habits often interfere with health
例2:He is mentally deranged and disoriented as to time, place, and person
例3:He gets up at 6 every morning.
B.现在进行式(Be+ pres. p.)表示现在某动作正在进行中。
例1:Both his parents are still living and well.
例2:The patients is getting worse and worse.
例3:The patients is progressively doing well.
C.表「经常的习惯」也用进行式,通常与always, constantly等副词连用。
例1:He is always taking a nap in class.
例2:He is constantly forgetting peoples’ names.
例3:He is for ever complaining of headaches.
D.通常不用进行式的动词。
a)不随意动词( Verbs of involuntary actions):
-知觉( perception):feel, hear, notice, see, smell等。
例1:Whenever he has a cold, he can neither taste nor smell.
-知识(knowledge):believe, (dis)agree, doubt, find, forget, know, mind, remember, think, understand等。
例1:She does not remember specific scratches which might have preceded the present lesions.
-感情( emotion):desire, despise, disgust, fear, hate, hope, (dis)like, love, prefer, want等。
例1:He likes lobster, but it disagrees with him.
b)表示继续状态的动词( Verbs of continuous state):表示存在、所有等动
词:appear, be, belong, consist, flow, have, hold, live, look, possess, resemble, seem等。
例1:Her fingers and hands are stiff and cyanotic.
例2:He has no discomfort and eats well.
2)A.现在完成式( Have+ p.p)医学.全.在线.网.站.提供
a)表示动作的完了(completion of an action)或其结果的现在状态(present state of things):
例1:The patient has passed the crisis. = The patient is out of danger now.
例2:He has caught cold. = He has a cold now.
注:常用的连用副词为:all this while, (not) yet, already , just, now, by this time, today, this week( or month, year, etc.), hitherto, till now, up to( till) now, recently, lately, of late等。
比较:过去式仅表示过去的动作状态;现在完成式则以表示现在为主。
例1:He had no appetite for food. (过去式)→表示过去某时有过食欲不振
例2:Lately he had had no appetite for food. (现在完成式)→表示现在仍然胃口不佳。
b)表示截至现在为止的经验( experience):
例1:He has seldom consulted a doctor in his life.
例2:He has never been treated by a doctor since he was born.
注:表示经验时,常用的副词为:ever, before, once, many times, (very) often, seldom, sometimes, in one’s time等副词。比较:同一动词有时表示完了,有时表示经验,视其所连用的副词而决定。
例1:He has just undergone a nephrectomy.→表示动作完了。
例2:He has undergone a nephrectomy once.→表示经验。
c)表示截至现在为止的动作或状态的继续(continuance)
例1:He has been deaf in the left ear since the age of 18 and has experienced slight dizziness on stooping.
例2:Except fro a slight loss of energy, he has always felt well.
例3:For the past 10 years he has had persistent and high-pitched tinnitus in his left ear, consisting a buzzing sensation and, occasionally, the sounds of bells.
注:常用的连用副词为:since, always, from, for, these, how long?
B.现在完成进行式( Have been +~ing)
a)表示以前开始的动作继续到现在的状态:
例1:He came here 2 weeks ago, and has been lying sick with a cold since then.
例2:The patient has recently had experience of memory loss and of spells of dizziness. For the preceding 5 years she has been receiving treatment for hypertension.
b)表示「习惯」:
例1:The patient has been smoking excessively.
例2:She has been chewing a wad of bubble gum all day.
注:常用的连用副词为:since, for, how long?,these, form, always等。
比较:
例1:He has been learning medicine for 5 years. (继续)
例2:He has learned medicine for 5 years. (经验)

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