在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。先讲一下语法一致。
一、语法一致原则语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm.(他的父亲正在农场工作,his father做主语,属于单数,所以谓语is working用单数形式)
The children were in the classroom two hoursago.(孩子们两个小时前在房间里,The children做主语,children是复数形式,它的单数是child,谓语were用复数形式)
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.(在阳光下看书会损害你的眼睛,Reading in the sun动名词短语做主语,属于单数,谓语is,用单数形式。)
注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
如:What I bought were three English books. (我带了三本英语书,其实这个句子可以这样来看,我带了什么呢?三本英语书。What I bought就是指三本英语书,所以谓语were用的是复数形式)
What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.(我所说的和我所做的都是为了帮助你,我说的和我做的是两件事所以可以用复数,但是谓语仅仅是指前面的do,我做的那么就可以用单数is,所以这里可以用单数也可以用复数。)
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。
如:Lucy and Lily are twins. (露西和莉莉是双胞胎,Lucy and Lily做主语,谓语用are,复数形式)
She and I are classmates. (她和我是同班同学,She and I做主语,谓语用are,复数形式)
Both sheand he are Young Pioneers.(他们两个都是少先队员,Both she and he做主语,谓语用are,复数形式)
注意:
(1)若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come. (这位作家和艺术家来了,这句话的意思是这个人既是作家优势艺术家,他有两个身份。这里是指同一个人所以谓语has用单数形式。)
(2)由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girllikes it.(Every student and every teacher,做主语,前面的修饰词是every,谓语was用单数形式。)
3. 主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。(就前原则)
如:Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. (格林先生和他的妻子孩子一起来中国了。只看前面的Mr. Green,谓语has单数形式)
4. either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。
如:Each of us has a new book. (每个人都有一本新书,Each of us做主语,谓语has用单数)
5. 在定语从句时,关系代词that, who, which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
如:He is one of my friends who are working hard.(他只是我努力工作的朋友之一,其中之一,说明有许多或者说两个以上,谓语are用复数)
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。
如:Class Four is on the third floor.(四班在第三层楼。这里是指四班这个班级。谓语is,用单数)
注意:people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。(本身是集合名词,属于复数)
7. 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
如:There are a lot of people in the classroom.(a lot of people属于复数,许多人,谓语are用复数。)
The rest of the lecture is wonderful. (剩下的演讲很精彩。The rest of后面接的是演讲剩下的部分,属于单数谓语is用单数形式。)
注意:a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用复数;the number of“……的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。
8. 在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
如:There comes the bus. (there做主语,谓语come用第三人称单数comes)
On the wall are many pictures. (倒装句其实是many pictures are on thewall,所以谓语are用复数)