1.1 目的(Objective):文献[7]指出,摘要的“目的”不能简单地重复文章题名;应该提供研究背景,这也是国际医学期刊编辑委员会的要求[8]。在摘要的“目的”中应简要说明提出问题的缘由,表明研究的国内外研究背景,特别是一些国内或世界首次报道的研究,阐明这些内容就更为重要。例如,《豚鼠听力衰退模型的AFLP分子标记筛选》(Screening of AFLP markers on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig),其英文摘要的“目的”部分原译为: To screen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers by whole genome scanning on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig and to reveal the molecular mechanism of presbycusis. 除了重复题名外,尚缺乏研究背景的阐明。宜修改为: The long fragment deletion of mitochondria DNA has important relation to hearing decline. But the effect of factors including karyogene should not be neglected. This study was designed to screen amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers by whole genome scanning on the hearing-loss model of guinea pig and to reveal the molecular mechanism of presbycusis. (国外研究显示了线粒体DNA的大片段缺失与听力衰退具有重要关系,但是,不能排除核基因等因素对听力衰退的作用。该研究获取了扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)标记,以揭示老年性耳聋的分子发病机制。)修改后读者能清晰地了解到该项工作的研究背景,其研究目的亦非常明了。
1.2 方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本设计,使用材料和方法,如何分组对照,研究范围及精确程度,数据是如何取得的,经何种统计学方法处理。例如,原摘要中未进行分组介绍,修改后方法较详实,Methods: The vascular dementia (VD) rat model was established by permanent bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries. The rats were divided into 4 groups randomly as control, VD model (0.9% sodium chloride), edaravone (3 mg/kg per day) and duxil groups (gastric perfusion, 20 mg/kg per day) after place navigation training. The treatment was from the 7th day after operation and lasted for 20 d. At the 1st and 2nd month the heads of rats were cut down for brain to measure the activity of COX and the change of genetic expression.
1.3 结果(Results):简要列出研究的主要结果和数据及置信值、统计学显著性检验的确切值。只有列出了有意义的数据,让读者有个客观的比较,研究结果才让人可信,才更具说服力[8]。例如,Results 3 and 7 d after MCAO, the neurological deficiency score in FNs group (2.25±0.46 and 1.0±0.82 respectively) had no significant difference from those (2.33±0.82 and 1.43±0.79) at same time point in MCAO group. It was decreased to 0.50±0.55 at 14 d after MCAO in FNs group ,which was significantly different from 1.25±0.71 in MCAO group (P<0.05). The level of of GAP-43 mRNA expression in FNs group at 12 h and 3 d posterior of MCAO (0.70±0.23 and 1.44±0.62,respectively) had no significant difference from those (0.57±0.25 and 1.18±0.42) in MCAO group(P>0.05). At 7 d and 14 d time point, they reached the height of 3.03±1.45 and 1.82±0.9 respectively in FNs group, significantly higher than 1.55±0.72 and 0.92±0.52 in MCAO group(P<0.05)。原文未提供具体的有统计学意义的数据,修改后更具有说服力。
1.4 结论(Conclusion):简要说明经验证、论证取得的正确观点其理论价值或应用价值,是否可推荐或推广等。例如,Conclusion EEG doesn’t change necessarily with aging. The elevation of slow wave power may be related to the MMSE decline and MCI. 修改后宜对其应用价值加以补充为:It would help improve the diagnostic value of recognition function decline and provide a practical and feasible method for its prevention.
2 英文结构式摘要的写作技巧医学科技论文英文结构式摘要的写作需要做到简练,准确,逻辑性强,使人读后能一目了然医学全在线www.lindalemus.com。
2.1 标题:是全文内容的高度概括,大多采用名词化结构(Nominalization),应准确无误地表达论文的中心内容,恰如其分地反映研究范围和深度,避免过于抽象,标题中有关时间和数量等概念的表达应做到能用数字精确表达的最好不用模糊含义的词。题目不是一个完整的句子时可省略冠词(a,an,the),是一个完整句子时,尽量保留冠词。一般不超过10 个实词。
2.2 时态:表述文章的写作目的时用一般现在时,多用句型为:动词不定式+表述作用、关系、效果、价值等名词,如,to study; to evaluate;to explore”。方法和结果多用过去时,结论多用一般现在时。
2.3 语态:一般以第三人称的被动语态为多,这是因为医学研究着重于客观事物和过程的描述,使得整项活动更显出科学性。同时,被动语态的句子在结构上有较大的调节余地,有利于采用必要的修辞手段,扩大句子的信息量,从而突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容[9]。
2.4 用词:尽可能地频繁使用缩写词、名词作定语,简化句型,增大信息密度,使行文简练、结构紧凑。医学英语的特点是派生词多、正式词汇多、名词化结构多、长句多、被动句多、非谓语动词多、专业性强等。一定要用相应的专用词,不能望文生义,不能凭《汉英字典》作字面翻译,应该参考国际通用译名和医学英语专用字典的译法。如:骨性关节炎,不能译“inflammation of bone andjoint”,应译“osteoarthritis”。短词代替长词,常用词代替生僻词,书面语代替口语。定语中尽可能用非谓语动词形式、缩写词和名词,不用或少用从句。
2.5 关键词:最好3个以上、6个以下关键词,建议使用Mesh表中的标准词汇。
总之,一篇能确切表达医学科技论文主旨的英文结构式摘要需在人称、时态、术语、数字及单位等具体环节达到和谐统一。英文摘要写作水平的提高,还需要扩大词汇量,巩固语法知识,要多与英语国家同行接触,积累经验,摸索规律。此外,平时多看英文核心期刊文献,特别是查阅、检索美国MEDLINE数据库的相关文献的摘要,有助于迅速提高英文摘要的写作水平。